4.3 Flashcards
- According to B.F. Skinner: how do punishments and reinforcements impact learned behavior?
Individuals will be more likely to do certain behaviors when they receive reinforcements and will be less likely when punished
Who did B.F. Skinner base has work off of?
Edward L. Thorndike
Describe the law of effect
When behaviors are followed by favorable consequences they become more likely to occur, and when behaviors are followed by unfavorable consequences they are less likely to occur
Identify a positive and negative consequence.
Example: 1) Positive: You work hard at work and get a raise 2) Negative: You show up late for work and get fired
How is Operant Conditioning different from Classical Conditioning?
Operant conditioning involves making an active decision, while classical conditioning involves a response to a stimulus
Describe how Skinner used shaping in his Skinner box experiment.
Skinner put a rat in a box that had a food dispenser, speaker, light, and a lever. He started by giving the rat a food pellet when the rat moved towards the lever. Eventually he only gave the rat a pellet once the rat pushed the lever
In Skinner’s experiment what is the lever?
A discriminative stimulus (a stimulus elicits a response0
Positive Reinforcement
Description: When a desirable stimulus is added, which has the result of promoting/increasing a behavior
Example: You get an A in your class and your parents give you 50 dollars, which motivates you to keep studying
Negative Reinforcement
Description: When a undesirable stimulus is removed, which has the result of promoting/increasing a behavior
Example: You get an A in your class and your parents take away your chores, which motivates you to keep working hard
Positive Punishment
Description: When a unpleasant stimulus is added and the result is a decrease in an undesirable behavior
Example: You get a bad grade and you have to pay your parents money, which motivates you to try harder in school
Negative punishment
Description: When a positive stimulus is removed and the result is a decrease of an undesirable behavior
Example: You get a bad grade in school and get your phone taken away, motivating you to work harder in school
Why does the over justification effect happen?
This is when extrinsic rewards replace intrinsic motivation. If the extrinsic rewards stop, the behavior will most likely stop. This is because an individual did not have intrinsic motivation and was only doing the action because of extrinsic rewards.
What is the difference between extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic motivation is when an individual is motivated to perform a behavior because of an external reward or to avoid an external punishment. Intrinsic motivation is when an individual has a desire to do something for their own sake, there is no external punishment or reward.
Fixed-ratio schedule
Description: Reinforcement is given after a set amount of responses
Impact: Great at getting a high number of responses in a short amount of time.
Example: Punch card at a restaurant gives you a free meal after 5 visits
FIxed-interval schedule
Description: Reinforcement is given after a set amount of time
Impact: Will often see more responses occur right before the payout
Example: Employe of the month award is given the last week of each month
