Week 11

Question 1

Language instinct

Answer 1

Pinker. Only humans have true language, specific result of natural selection. Separate from intelligence, processed laterally aquired more quickly than learning. Grammar is innate

Question 2

Speech stimulus

Answer 2

Comes from openings and closings of vocal fold in laranyx. Sculpting by vocal cavity, tongue, and lips adds resonance

Question 3

Consonants

Answer 3

Produced by stopping/constricting the flow of air through the vocal tract. Stop consonants: p,t,k. Fricatives:s, z,f. Nasals:m,n. Labials:v

Question 4

Vowels

Answer 4

Vibrate vocal folds as air moves out of lungs through open mouth

Question 5

Source filter theory of speech production

Answer 5

Air comes from lungs. Source of sound waves is the laranyx. Filter determined by resonant properties of the vocal tract. Output is vowels/consonants that form phonemes, which are building blocks of words

Question 6

Form ants

Answer 6

Resource patterns in speech in which same sound wave frequencies are enhanced

Question 7

Sound spectrogram

Answer 7

Converts sounds into set of frequencies, shows amplitude over time

Question 8

Preceptors

Answer 8

Ears, auditory pathways/processing centers, and specialized cognitive processing modules around Sylvian fissure

Question 9

Speech

Answer 9

A uniquely human behavior; a facility with speaking/language may be main defining feature of being human

Question 10

Sone scale

Answer 10

Defined using magnitude estimation procedure in which standard loudness=loudness of 1000Hz, 40 FB tone=1 sone

Question 11

Mel scale

Answer 11

Magnitude estimation used in which the pitch of a 1000Hz, 40 db tone is defined as 1000 Mel’s

Question 12

Pitch contours

Answer 12

At a given sound frequency, as intensity caries, perceived pitch varies. Doppler effect

Question 13

Musical scale

Answer 13

Frequency scale: each letters note corresponds to particular sound frequency, each “octave” is twice that of the previous one. Octaves can be divided into 12 equal interval “semitones”

Question 14

Tone height/chroma

Answer 14

Each interval is double

Question 15

Octave

Answer 15

Successive doubling of frequency in periodic sounds

Question 16

Chords

Answer 16

3 or more notes played simultaneously. Ratio of note frequencies affects pleasantness

Question 17

Melody

Answer 17

Notes/chords can form a sequence of sounds that are performed as a single coherent structure. Defined pitch contour, not specific frequencies, if shift all notes by 1 octave, melody is unchanged

Question 18

Rhythm

Answer 18

Temporal patterning of notes

Question 19

Van bekesy

Answer 19

Where hair cells are located along basilar membrane dictates which frequency waves bend them, and signals pitch to brain

Question 20

Missing fundamental effect

Answer 20

Complex sounds are made up of a set of sound waves. The one with the lowest freq= fundamental freq. overtones are whole number multipliers of fundamental

Question 21

Missing fundamental effect

Answer 21

If take out fundamental, sound is different, but pitch seems the same

Question 22

Frequency theory

Answer 22

Pitch can be signaled by the rate of neurological firing. Missing fundamental can be inferred from harmonic ration of 440/880, fundamental must be 220

Question 23

Sound localization

Answer 23

Ability to localize sound source in space without visual assistance. Several cues

Question 24

Inter ear difference cues

Answer 24

Sound shadow leads to intensity difference, most at 90 degrees azimuth. Also time difference/phase difference