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AP exam one > 5 > Flashcards

5 Flashcards

1
Q

what has parabronchi?

A

crocidilians and birds

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2
Q

breathing rhythm generated where

A

within the brain stem and transmitted to respiratory muscles

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3
Q

inherent rhythmicity generated within what?

A

medulla oblongata

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4
Q

rhythmicity is influenced by inpours from what 3 things

A

pons, hypothalmus, cortex and other areas

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5
Q

what limits duration of inspiration (off switch) and adjusts sensitivity of dorsal respiratory group to various stimuli?

A

pontines or pons

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6
Q

what sends efferent fibers to diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

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7
Q

during inspiration you get increasing/decreasing phrenic nerve activity, and increase/decrease in intrapulmonary pressure?

A

increase, decrease

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8
Q

when CO2 raises, does phrenic nerve increase?

A

increases.

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9
Q

breathing rhythm modified by what two things?

A

chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

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10
Q

where are stretch receptors located and where are they found?

A

in smaller airways (bronchioles). stimulated by inflation

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11
Q

affarent impulses do what to medullary and pontine centers which causes what?

A

inhibit them, terminatiing inspiration

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12
Q

explain hering-breuer reflex

A

stronger in newborn and non human mammals. stretch receptors work a lot better

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13
Q

response of stretch receptors is dimished by what?

A

increasing Co2

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14
Q

where are central chemoreceptors ?

A

ventral surface

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15
Q

ventral surface of medulla sensitive to what?

A

PH

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16
Q

what happens with an increase in H+? does it cross the bbb

A

increase in ventilation. no it does not.

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17
Q

when can H+ cross the bbb?

A

during extreme acidosis

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18
Q

does CO2 cross the bbb?

A

YES IT DOES

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19
Q

what happens when CO2 crosses the bb?

A

it acidifies the cerebrospinal fluid.

20
Q

what contributes 85% of resting respiratory drive?

A

CO2 in central chemoreceptors

21
Q

does cerebrospinal fluid have more or less protein, and buffer capacity?

A

less

22
Q

what is the “stimulis”?

A

H+

23
Q

explain carotid body

A

cluster of chemoreceptors in the carotid artery found in the neck which brings blood to the brain. detects changes in composition of arterial blood

24
Q

explain aortic body

A

cluster of baroreceptos located along the aortic arch. measures mostly change in blood pressure and composition of arterial blood flow

25
Q

which is more important aortic body or carotid ?

A

carotid

26
Q

explain peripheral chemoreceptors

A

pulmonary CO2 receptors

27
Q

which is sensitive to O2, CO2, and pH?

A

carotid artery

28
Q

what provides all ventilatory drive in arterial hypoxemia?

A

carotid artery

29
Q

explain sudden infant death syndrome

A

babies who are born with poorly developed carotid bodies

30
Q

affarent means what?

A

nerve traffic travels to the brain or central nervous system

31
Q

glomous is a __________. it exchanges chemical info via transmitters to and from _________ to the _______. sensing ______,_____, and_______. modulating the signaling of what?

A

chemoreceptor. nephringeal nerve and the brain. CO2, O2, and H+. axons

32
Q

as you increase alveolar Pco2 what happens?

A

increase in ventilation

33
Q

what is the primary respiratory “signal” for water breathers (oxygen receptors)

A

oxygen

34
Q

explain Co2 levels in water and why?

A

less in water because it is more soluble in water

35
Q

what are proprioceptors

A

signal movement and positin of joints and muscles important in excercise. sends signals to CNS to increase ventilation before gas amounts change

36
Q

explain tracheol system in insects

A

the tracheoles go straight to the muscles, they increase with activity which allows for shorter diffusion distance

37
Q

how do insects with tracheol systems get oxygen?

A

spiracles

38
Q

if you wanted to open up the spiracles, what would you do to the insect

A

introduce co2

39
Q

what is an example of discontinous respiration and misnomer

A

spiracles

40
Q

what is the purpose of spircales?

A

to reduce the amount of water loss and dehydration

41
Q

in birds what is low compliant?

A

parabronchi

42
Q

in birds what is highly cimpliant?

A

AIR SACS

43
Q

what kind of valving to birds have?

A

aerodynamic

44
Q

what kind of exchange to birds have?

A

cross current and unidirectional

45
Q

during inspiration air flows where? (post and ant)

A

from the anterior to posterior back to anterior

46
Q

during expiration air flows where? (post and ant)

A

from the posterior, towards anterior.

47
Q

explain countercurrent

A

goes in opposite directions

AP exam one (7 decks)

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