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Hematology (FORM AND FUNCTION) > 5. Buffy Coat > Flashcards

5. Buffy Coat Flashcards

1
Q

Poikilocytosis:

A

-large numbers of abnormally shaped RBCs
>spherocytes
>eccentrocytes
>Heinz bodies

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2
Q

Spherocytes:

A

-lack central pallor
-associated with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
*useful to diagnose in dogs

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3
Q

Eccentrocytes and Heinz bodies

A

-oxidative damage
Ex. onion toxicity

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4
Q

Oxidative stress:

A

-occurs when there is an imbalance between production of ROS and the cell’s ability to counteract their harmful effects using anti-oxidants

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5
Q

Sources of ROS in RBCs:

A

-endogenous: oxygen transport
-exogenous: exposure to drugs, toxins, etc.

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6
Q

Vulnerability of RBCs to oxidative damage:

A

-RBCs lack nuclei=can’t replace damaged proteins
-Hb is prone to oxidation to form methemoglobin

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7
Q

Antioxidant defense mechanisms in RBCs:

A

-glutathione system
-hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway)
*catalyzed by glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

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8
Q

Consequences of oxidative damage:

A

-heinz bodies
-eccentrocytes

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9
Q

Eccentrocytes:

A

-lipid peroxidation
-Hb shifted to the side

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10
Q

Heinz bodies:

A

-aggregates of denatured Hb
>little ‘pieces’ coming off

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11
Q

Clinical significance of oxidative damage:

A

-some drugs and chemicals induce oxidative damage (ex. onions and garlic)
-breeds with deficiency in G6PD are more susceptible to oxidative damage

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12
Q

Metabolites in glycolysis used for other pathways:

A
  1. Pentose phosphate pathway
  2. Methemoglobin reduction pathway
  3. Rapoport-Luebering pathway
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13
Q

Hexose monophosphate shunt (Pentose phosphate pathway):

A

-selenium is an essential co-factor
-G6PD makes NADPH from glucose-6-P (glycolysis)
-NADPH reduces glutathione
-glutathione removes ROS

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14
Q

Methemoglobin reduction pathway:

A

-NADH from glyceraldehyde 3-P to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, reduces HbFe3+ to HbFe2+
*ensures oxygen can bind to Hb

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15
Q

Rapoport-Luebering pathway:

A

-Bohr effect of 2,3-BPG to shift O2-Hb dissociation curve to the right
*increases O2 delivery to tissues

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16
Q

Anemia:

A

-deficiency in O2 carrying capacity

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17
Q

Anemia due to:

A

-low RBC count: (Hct)
>reduced production (iron, vitamin deficiency)
>increased destruction (hemolytic anemia)
>increased loss of blood volume
-low HgB content: iron deficiency

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18
Q

Classification of anemia according to RBC parameters:

A

-size: microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic (MCV)
-HgB content: hypochromic, normochromic (Hgb)

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19
Q

Classification of anemia by bone marrow response:

A

-regenerative (increase in reticulocytes)
-non-regenerative (no increase in reticulocytes)
*retics
*horses don’t generally release reticulocytes (don’t measure it for them)

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20
Q

Cause of anemia:

A

-hemolytic
-hemorrhagic (blood loss)
-dyshemopoietic

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21
Q

Hemolytic:

A

-destruction of RBCs
Ex. immune, drugs

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22
Q

Hemorrhagic:

A

-blood loss

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23
Q

Dyshemopoietic :

A

-bone marrow dysfunction

24
Q

As RBC precursors mature:

A

-they decrease in size
-presence of immature RBCs in circulation can result in macrocytosis

25
Q

Erythrocytosis (polycythemia)

A

-too much RBCs
-relative or absolute

26
Q

Erythrocytosis CBC values:

A

-increased PCV/Hct
-increased RBC count
-increased Hgb concentration
*normal MCHC

27
Q

Relative erythrocytosis:

A

-due to decreased plasma volume or erythrocyte redistribution
Examples:
>dehydration and body fluid shifts
>splenic contraction (common in horses)

28
Q

Absolute erythrocytosis:

A

-due to actual increase in RBC mass
-primary or secondary

29
Q

Primary, absolute erythrocytosis (polycythemia):

A

-erythropoiesis occurs independently of erythropoietin concentration
-rare

30
Q

Secondary, absolute erythrocytosis (polycythemia):

A

-overproduction of erythrocytes in response to increased erythropoietin concentration
>due to generalized hypoxia, local hypoxia or renal
-more common

31
Q

Leukogram: CBC

A

-total WBC count
-corrected WBC
-differentials
-morphological abnormalities
-unidentifiable/identifiable cells that are not normally there

32
Q

Corrected WBC:

A

-if bone marrow is nucleating RBCs, it will show up as WBCs
>corrected removes them

33
Q

Differentials: leukogram (CBC)

A

-granulocytes:
>neutrophils
>eosinophils
>basophils
-agranulocytes:
>lymphocytes
>monocytes

34
Q

Granulopoiesis:

A

-production of granulocytes from the bone marrow
>neutrophils
>eosinophils
>basophils

35
Q

Myeloblast:

A

-first committed precursor to granulopoiesis

36
Q

Granulopoiesis steps:

A
  1. Myeloblast: no cytoplasmic granules
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Band
  6. Mature
    *same steps for neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
37
Q

Mitotic pool: granulopoiesis

A

-myeloblast
-promyelocyte
-myelocyte

38
Q

Promyelocyte:

A

-azurophilic granules (blue)
>lysosomal hydrolases: same in all three types of granulocytes

39
Q

Myelocyte:

A

-specific granules (pink)
>containing molecules specific for neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

40
Q

Post-mitotic pool: granulopoiesis

A

-metamyelocyte
-band
-mature

41
Q

Metamyelocyte:

A

-granulation finished maturation
>lysosomal hydrolases and molecules specific for granulocytes

42
Q

Band:

A

-maturation
>band nucleus

43
Q

Mature:

A

-maturation:
>segmented nucleus

44
Q

Neutrophils:

A

-most common WBC type in circulation of dogs and cats
-very rapid response to inflammation/infection
*left-shift: indicates inflammation

45
Q

Eosinophils:

A

-2%
-secretory granules
-specialized for parasitic infection
-allergic reaction

46
Q

Basophils:

A

-rarest, <1%
-protect against ticks and round worms
-allergic reaction

47
Q

Monopoiesis:

A

-production of agranulocytes from the bone marrow
-monoblast to promonocyte in bone marrow (no distinguishable features)
-monocytes exit bone marrow within a few hours
*no storage pool

48
Q

Monocytes:

A

-5-10%
-enter tissues to mature into macrophages

49
Q

Lymphopoiesis:

A

-production of lymphocytes
1. Common lymphoid progenitor
2. T- and B- lymphoblast are made in bone marrow

50
Q

Lymphocytes:

A

-most common agranulocytes
-spherical nuclei
-smallest leukocytes
-very little cytoplasm

51
Q

Differentiation to mature B-cells:

A

-in peripheral lymphoid tissues

52
Q

B-cells:

A

-humoral immunity
-presented with antigen in peripheral lymphoid tissue and becomes a plasma cells that produces antibodies

53
Q

Development of mature T-cells:

A

-thymus
-lymph nodes
-spleen

54
Q

T-cells:

A

-cell-mediated immunity
-presented with antigen in peripheral lymphoid tissue and becomes activated

55
Q

Platelets:

A

-large
1. Erythro MK progenitor
2. Megakaryocyte
3. Platelets

56
Q

Megakaryocyte:

A

-on ‘edge/outside’ of blood vessel
-use sinusoids to release platelets into the blood

Hematology (FORM AND FUNCTION) (10 decks)

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