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Emergency Medicine > 5 Causes Of > Flashcards

5 Causes Of Flashcards

1
Q

Pleural effusion that is a transudate

A 
LV Failure
Liver cirrhosis 
Hypoalbuminaemia 
Hypothyroidism 
Nephrotic Syndrome
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2
Q

Pleural effusion that is an exudate

A 
Malignancy 
Parapneumonic effusion (I.e. pneumonia, lung abscess, bronhciectasis)
TB
PE
Post MI
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3
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Spontaneous
Airways disease - asthma, COPD, CF
Infection - TB, pneumonia
Interstitial lung disease - sarcoidosis, IPF
Connective tissue disease - RA, ank spon, scleroderma, marfans

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4
Q

Bloody diarrhoea

A 
Campylobacter 
E.Coli O157:H7
Salmonella
Shigella
Yersinia
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5
Q

RUQ Pain

A

Gallstone (biliary colic)
Acute cholecystitis/cholangitis
Acute pancreatitis
Liver disease - acute hep, abscess, tumours
R kidney disease - stones, pyelonephritis

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6
Q

Type 1 respiratory failure

A

Type 1 = hypoxic (lung failure)

(R to L shunt or V/Q mismatch)

PE
ARDS
pneumonia
asthma,
pneumothorax
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7
Q

Type 2 Respiratory Failure

A

Type 2 = hypercapnic (ventilatory failure or pump failure)

Chronic COPD
Neuromuscular - guillian barre, poliomyelitis, spinal injury
Hyoventilation 
Drug overdose, poisoning 
Chest wall deformity
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8
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

= ventilation problems

CNS/neuromuscular - MG, ALS, guillian barre
Airway obstruction in asthma/COPD obstruction

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9
Q

Causes of pancreatitis

A

GET SMASHED

Gallstones, Ethanol, Trauma
Steroids, Mumps, Autoimmune, Scorpion sting,
Hyperlipidaemka, hypothermia, hyperparathyroidism,

ERCP
Drugs

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10
Q

Epigastric Pain

A 
Acute MI
Acute pancreatitis 
Perforated peptic ulcer
Gastritis 
Hepatobiliary Disease
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11
Q

Bowel obstruction

A 
Adhesions
Hernias
Malignancy 
Intussusception 
External compression (abscess, endometriosis, pancreatic pseudo cyst)
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12
Q

Upper GI bleed

A 
Perforated ulcer
Oesophageal varices
Mallory Weiss tear
Malignancy 
Blood from oral or nasal cavity?
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13
Q

Lower GI bleed

A 
Diverticulosis 
Gi malignancy 
Upper GI bleed 
IBD
Rectal/anal conditions
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14
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Pancreatic disease: obstructive pancreatic cancer , chronic pancreatitis, CF
Intestinal disease: short bowel syndrome, celiac disease, crohn’s
Hepatobiliary: liver disease, biliary cirrhosis, gallstones

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15
Q

Obstructive jaundice

A

‘Obstructive’ = post-hepatic

Gallstone, cholangitis
Hepatic, biliary or pancreatic malignancies
Benign structure of bile duct
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Compression by pancreatic cysts, lymphadenopathy

Conjugated:
Hepatic - viral hepatitis, drugs, cirrhosis, tumours
Biliary Disease - primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis
Post hepatic/obstruction- gallstones, cancers (liver, pancreas, bile ducts)

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16
Q

Diarrhea

A

Infection
IBS
IBD
?

17
Q

Peptic ulcers

A

H.pylori
NSAIDs
Stress ulcers (trauma, burns)
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma)

18
Q

Seizures

A

Primary seizures:
Epilepsy

Secondary seizures:
Infection - febrile seizures, CNS infections, HIV
CNS tumours
Vascular - cerebrovascular disease, CNS bleed
Alzheimer’s,
Drugs and toxins - alcohol withdrawal, cocaine,
Metabolic - hypoglycaemia, hyponatraemia, hypocalcaemia
Eclampsia

19
Q

Pulmonary oedema

A 
CHF
Acute MI
ARDS
Acute lung injury from inhalation of hot/toxic gases
Neurogenic- seizures, head trauma
20
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A 
Chest trauma
Pericarditis 
Malignancy 
Myocardial rupture
Retrograde aortic dissection
21
Q

Palpitations

A 
Arrhythmia
Anxiety
Hyperthyroidism
Hypovolaemia, anaemia, hypoglycaemia 
Pheochromocytoma
Drugs, alcohol, caffeine
22
Q

Petechiae

A 
Thrombocytopenia
Vasculitis 
DIC, TTP, 
Infections - meningococaemia, endocarditis, sepsis 
Medication - anticoagulants
23
Q

Unintentional weight loss

A 
Malignancy 
Hyperthyroidism 
IBD, celiac disease
Alcohol, drugs - cocaine, amphetamines
Advanced chronic disease - HIV, cardiac cachexia, renal failure
24
Q

Ascites

A 
Liver cirrhosis
Heart failure/ constrictive pericarditis 
Budd Chiari Syndrome 
Nephrotic Syndrome
Malignancy
25
Q

Fever

A

Infection
Malignancy
Connective tissue disease (RA, vasculitis, SLA)

26
Q

Tired all the time

A 
Anemia
Hypothyroidism 
Cardiopulmonary conditions - CHF, COPD, sleep apnea
Infection - TB, viral hepatitis, HIV
Medication and substance abuse
27
Q

Sudden collapse

A 
Acute MI
Massive PE
Arrhythmia
Acute haemorrhage (GI, ectopic pregnancy)
Anaphylaxis
28
Q

Unintentional weight loss

A

Malignancy
Depression
Hyperthyroidism
GI - malabsorption, celiac, IBD

29
Q

Pruritis

A

Hyperbilirubinaemia of any cause.

30
Q

Altered mental status (Delirium)

A

CNS - meningitis, stroke, increased intracranial pressure
Cardio/resp - shock, sepsis, hypoxia
Epilepsy - post ictal state, non-convulsive status epilepticus
Alcohol withdrawal
Medication and drugs - opiates, serotonin syndrome, neuroleptic malignant Syndrome

31
Q

Ischaemic stroke

A

Local thrombosis of cerebral vessel (atherosclerosis)
Sickle cell disease
Atrial Fibrillation (i.e. cardiac embolus)
Carotid artery stenosis
Arterial dissection

32
Q

Cardioembolic stroke

A

Atrial Fibrillation
Infective Endocarditis
Valvular heart disease/ prosthetic heart valve
Post MI
Paradoxical embolus (DVT + patent foramen ovale)

33
Q

Meningitis in adults

A 
Neisseria meningtidis (meningococcus)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
Listeria monocytogenes
Tuberculosis 
Viruses: enteoviruses (coxsackie), Herpes Simplex Virus, HIV

Fungi in immunocompromised

34
Q

Secondary headache

A 
Meningitis/meningiencephalitis
SAH
CO poisoning 
Sinusitis 
Acute ankle closure glaucoma 
Dental causes 
Temporal arteritis
Trigeminal neuralgia
Medication overuse
Brain tumour/space occupying lesion
35
Q

Pericardial effusion

A 
Viral
Autoimmune disease
Post MI
Malignant
Renal failure (uraemic pericarditis)
36
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A 
Insulin therapy
Addisons (adrenal insufficiency)
Alcoholism
Insulinoma
Liver failure
37
Q

Adrenal insufficiency

A

Stoping steroids too quickly
Malignant infiltration of the adrenal gland
Infarction
Autoimmune destruction

38
Q

Thyrotoxicosis

A

Autoimmune (graves)
Toxic multi modular goitre
Acute viral thyroiditis
Amiodarone

39
Q

Pulmonary HT

A 
CHF
Valvular heart disease
Lung disease - pulmonary fibrosis, COPD
Sleep apnea 
Chronic PE

Emergency Medicine (6 decks)

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