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Physiology Of Behavior > 5 Research Methods > Flashcards

5 Research Methods Flashcards

0
Q

Lesion study

A

experimental ablation

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1
Q

Experimental ablation

A

The removal or destruction of a portion of the brain laboratory animal; presumably the functions that can no longer be performed are ones the region previously controlled.

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2
Q

Excitotoxic lesion

A

brain lesion produce by intracerebral injection of an excitatory amino acid, such as kainic acid.

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3
Q

Sham lesion

A

Placebo procedure that duplicates all the steps of producing a brain lesion except the one that actually causes the brain damage.

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4
Q

Stereotaxic surgery

A

Brain surgery using stereotaxic apparatus to position and electrode or cannula in a specified position of the brain.

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5
Q

Bregma

A

Junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull; often used as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery.

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6
Q

Stereotaxic atlas

A

Collection of drawings of sections of the brain of a particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery.

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7
Q

Stereotaxic apparatus

A

Device that permits the surgeon to position and electrode or cannula into a specific part of the brain.

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8
Q

Fixative

A

Chemical such as formalin; used to prepare and preserve body tissue.

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9
Q

Formalin

A

Aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas; the most commonly used tissue fixative.

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10
Q

Perfusion

A

Process by which an animal’s blood is replaced by a fluid such as saline solution or fixative in preparing the brain for histological examination.

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11
Q

Microtome

A

Instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissues.

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12
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

Microscope that passes a focused beam of electrons through thin slices of tissue to reveal extremely small details.

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13
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

Microscope that provides three-dimensional information about the shape of the surface of a small object by scanning the object with a sin beam of electrons.

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14
Q

Confocal laser scanning microscope

A

Microscope that provides high-resolution images of various depths of thick tissue that contains fluorescent molecules by scanning the tissue with light from a laser beam.

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15
Q

Anterograde labeling method

A

Histological method that labels the axons and terminal buttons of neurons whose cell bodies are located in a particular region.

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16
Q

PHA-L

A

Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin; protein derived from kidney beans and used as an anterograde tracer; taken up by dendrites and cell bodies and carried to the ends of the axons.

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17
Q

Immunocytochemical method

A

Histological method that uses radioactive antibodies or antibodies bound with a dye molecule to indicate the presence of particular proteins of peptides.

18
Q

Retrograde labeling method

A

Histological method that label cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region.

19
Q

Fluorogold

A

Dye that serves as a retrograde label; taken up by terminal buttons and carried back to the cell bodies.

20
Q

Pseudorabies virus

A

Weakened form of pig herpesvirus use for retrograde transneuronal tracing, which labels a series of neurons that are interconnected synaptically.

21
Q

Herpes simplex virus

A

Form of herpesvirus used for anterograde transneuronal tracing, which labels a series of neurons that are interconnected synaptically.

22
Q

Computerized tomography (CT)

A

Use of a device that employs a computer to analyze data obtained by scanning beam of x-rays to produce two-dimensional picture of a “slice” through the body.

23
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Technique whereby the interior of the body can be accurately imaged; involves the interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field.

24
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

Imaging method that uses modified MRI scanner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons in the living human brain.

25
Q

Microelectrode

A

Very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons.

26
Q

Single-unit recording

A

Recording of the electrical activity of a single neuron.

27
Q

Macroelectrode

A

Electrode used to record the electrical activity of large numbers of neurons in a particular region of the brain; much larger than a microelectrode.

28
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Electrical brain potential recorded by placing the electrodes on the scalp.

29
Q

Magnetoencephalography

A

Procedure that detects groups of synchronously activated neurons by means of the magnetic field induced by their electrical activity; uses an array of superconducting quantum interference devices, or SQUIDs.

30
Q

2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)

A

Sugar that enters cells along with glucose but is not metabolized.

31
Q

Autoradiography

A

Procedure that locates radioactive substances in a slice of tissue; the radiation exposes a photographic emulsion or a piece of film that covers the tissue.

32
Q

Fos

A

Protein produced in the nucleus of a neuron in response to synaptic stimulation.

33
Q

Functional imaging

A

Computerized method of detecting metabolic or chemical changes in particular regions of the brain.

34
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Functional imaging method that reveals the location of radioactive tracer in a living brain.

35
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

Functional imaging method; modification of the MRI procedure that permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain, usually by detecting changes in blood oxygen level.

36
Q

Optogenetic method

A

The use of a genetically modified virus to insert light-sensitive ion channels into the membrane of particular neurons in the brain; can depolarize or hyperpolarized the neurons when light of the appropriate wavelength is applied.

37
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Stimulation of the cerebral cortex by means of magnetic field produced by passing pulses of electricity through a coil of wire placed next to the skull; interferes with the functions of the brain region that is stimulated.

38
Q

Microdialysis

A

Procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the interstitial fluid through a small piece of tubing made of a semipermeable membrane that is implanted in the brain.

39
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genes that compose the DNA of a particular species.

40
Q

Allele

A

Nature of the particular sequence of base pairs of DNA that constitutes a gene; for example the genes that code for blue or brown iris pigment are different alleles of a particular gene.

41
Q

Targeted mutation

A

Mutated gene (also called a “knock out gene”) produced in the laboratory and inserted in the chromosomes of mice; fails to produce a functional protein.

42
Q

Antisense oligonucleotide

A

Modified strand of RNA or DNA that binds with a specific molecule of mRNA and prevents it from producing its protein.

Physiology Of Behavior (15 decks)

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