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JC History > The Industrial Revolution > Flashcards

The Industrial Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did the industrial revolution start in Britain. Five reasons

A
  1. Population expolsion
  2. Raw materials fork. The colonies
  3. New farming methods
  4. Coal and iron industry
  5. Inventions
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2
Q

Why did the population rise in Britain

A 
Fewer famines from food from colonies
Decrease I. Death rate
Rise in birth rate
Plagued ended, Black Death gone
Medical discoveries such as small pox vaccination
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3
Q

What were the disadvantages to the old farming method, open field system

A

Wasted time travelling between fields
Weeds spread easily
Animals destroyed crops
Farmers could not use new ideas

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4
Q

Who invented the four field system

A

Charles Townshend

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5
Q

What were the advantages of the four field system

A

Food supply increased as no field left fallow
Cattle did not have to be killed each winter because of more food
Spare food to feed cows
More meat available

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6
Q

Explain the enclosure act

A

Allowed rich landlords to enclose their land. Commons and crop growing lands were brought together in a single farm surrounded by a fence

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7
Q

Give the advantages and disadvantages to the enclosure act

A

Advantages…….
Reduces disease
More food
Higher rent for landlords

Disadvantages…….
Small farmers could not afford high rent
Labourers had little rights and there was less work available

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8
Q

Who invented selective breeding and what as it

A

Robert Bakewell invented selective breeding where he took the largest and strongest two animals and bred them. This produced bigger offspring. Used for lambs, cattle and horses

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9
Q

Why were factories built

A

Built to house big new machinery

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10
Q

Give five inventions and their inventors in the textile industry. Explain what each was for

A

John Kay- the flying shuttle (faster weaving of threads)
James Hargreaves - spinning jenny ( eight times quicker than spinning wheel)
Richard Arkwright - water frame ( spun hundreds of threads at a time, powered by a water wheel.)
Samuel Crompton - spinning mule ( faster spinning)
Edward Cartwright - power loom ( allowed cloth be made as quick as thread was spun.)

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11
Q

Who invented the steam engine

A

James watt

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12
Q

What was coal used for during the industrial revolution

A

Used to heat weaker to make steam
Used to power locomotives ( train puller) and steam ships
Burnt to make coke which was used to smelt iron ore.

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13
Q

Explain smelt

A

To separate a metal ex. Iron from the rock ex. Iron ore

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14
Q

Explain Coke

A

Coal without all the harmful gases

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15
Q

What were two dangers of mining during the industrial revolution

A

Flooding - Water coming into the mines but invention of steam engines allowed water to be pumped out

Explosions - carbon gas built up in mine and exploded when in contact with a flame. Davy safety lamp reduced risk of explosions

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16
Q

Explain collier

A

Coal miner

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17
Q

Where were factories built over time

A

They were built beside water at first to power the factories but then began to set up by coal mines.

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18
Q

What was used to smelt iron

A

Charcoal was used to extract the iron from the iron ore but this was an expensive method.

Coke was then used instead. The smelted iron was then beat with a hammer to get rid of impurities.

Finished iron in called Wright iron

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19
Q

Explain pig iron

A

Iron produced from smelting before impurities are removed

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20
Q

What were the advantages of steel

A

Cheaper than iron
Stronger
Less likely to crack, flexible

21
Q

Describe living conditions for working class people during the industrial revolutions outside of work

A

Rapid increase in the size of cities caused overcrowding. Many families lived in a single room within larger houses.

Some factory owners built houses for workers close to their factory

People and families had little belongings and no clean water. Water was carried from polluted river nearby

There were open drains on the streets which were infested with rats.

Diet of the working class was bread, cheese, porridge and potatoes

22
Q

What diseases were common around the industrial revolution for the working class people

A

Most common was typhoid (caused by using dirty water)

Tuberculosis was caused because of damp living conditions

In 1832 there was an outbreak of cholera in Britain

Many people died young because of living conditions and work

23
Q

What did workers do on their Sunday off. Describe their leisure activities

A

Many people drank heavily to forget their harsh lives. They drank beer, gin or cider.

Other leisure activities included gambling, dogfighting and bare knuckle fighting

Soccer also became popular

24
Q

Why did children of the working class not attend school

A

Very few working class children went to school as they worked in factories or mines. Families needed their wages to survive.

25
Q

Describe the factory owners living conditions

A

Factory owners lived in the country away from pollution and they had big houses and had servants

Their children were well educated. Boys took over the family business and girls were privately tutored and taught good manners, painting and needlework.

The factory owner got rent from tenants (workers) in the city

26
Q

Describe the conditions in the textile mills

A

Mills extremely noisy.
Dust caused lung disease and the air was hot and damp and windows were closed to preserve cotton
More women and children were employed than men
Many offences and workers were allowed break for dinner.
Many people were killed or lost a limb working. Many children had to repair broken threads and often got serious injuries
Supervisor would beat workers

27
Q

How much were workers paid and how long did they work in factories

A

People worked six days a week from 5:30 to 8 at night. This included women and children. Their wages were extremely low

28
Q

Describe the conditions in the coal mines

A

Colliers got miners lung and many died for this.

People had poor eyesight from working in the dark

Many miners were killed by floods or explosions.

Conditions were damp

29
Q

Describe what children did in the coal mines

A

Children worked in mines from age of five. These were called trappers and they opened and shut doors in the tunnels to prevent buildup of explosive gas in mines

Eight year olds became hurriers who dragged wagons of coal from coal face to shaft.

At seventeen you began digging coal at the coalface.

30
Q

How long did people work for in the coal mines

A

Fourteen hours a day

31
Q

Who was Robert Owens

A

Thought that workers would work better if they had better conditions and pay

He built good houses for his workers and schools for their children
He received a large profit

Some owners started to follow his example but very few

32
Q

Who was Edwin Chadwick

A

Edwin wrote a report on the causes of the cholera epidemic

People were shocked that dirty water, bad drains and working conditions were the cause of many diseases

They put pressure on the government to change conditions
Edwin thought every town should have a sea get system and clean water

In 1848 cholera epidemic broke out and Public Health Act was passed
Gradually cities got cleaner and people healthier

33
Q

What was the Chartists

A

Chartist movement founded by William Lovett in 1838
Wanted to increase number of working class men able to vote
Organised rallies and petitions
Government ignored petitions and movement failed

34
Q

Who was Lord Shaftesberry

A

He got a series of laws passed to improve working conditions for people

35
Q

What were the factory acts

A

A series of laws passed that improved working conditions

36
Q

What law was introduced in 1833 which improved Working conditions

A

Children under thirteen had to attend school for two hours a week and could only work 55 hours a week

37
Q

What law was passed in 1842 and 1844 which improved Working conditions

A

1842- women and children were not to work in mines

1844-Women and children had a set number of hours they could work

38
Q

What law was brought in in 1847 which improved Working conditions

A

Women and children under eighteen could only work ten hours a day

39
Q

Explain turnpike trusts

A

Private wealthy companies who charged people to use the road

40
Q

Give new roads that were invented and by whom

A

Thomas Telford- new type of road with deep foundations, layer of stone, gravel and sloping sides for drainage

John MacAdam - road with no need for foundation,a layer of stones and these stones would grind into powder and hold the surface in place

41
Q

What the effects of the new roads

A

Cut car journey times between London and Manchester
Quicker movement of raw materials
People moving by stage coach. Larger movement of people.

42
Q

What were the new developments in canals during the industrial revolution

A

Canals were now built because they were the cheapest way to transport goods.
James Bradley built a canal for duke of bridgewater who was transporting coal to manchester

43
Q

What were the improvements made to railways during the industrial revolution

A

Richard Trevithick invented the locomotive which was adapted from the steam engine.

This was a train to run on tracks

George Stephenson built the first train to carry goods.

Carried people from Manchester and Liverpool

44
Q

What were the effects of the improvements to railways

A 
They were fast and cheaper
Goods transported over a long distance
Boosted tourism
Fresh food could be transported
Many jobs
45
Q

When did a steam ship cross the sea

A

In 1819 a steam ship crossed the Atlantic, what used to take six weeks only now took 10 days

46
Q

What were the effects of the transport revolution

A

Iron and steel production increased greatly

Less time it took for goods to be transported from factory goods could be made for cheaper

Goods were cheaper for poorer classes

47
Q

What were the results of the agricultural revolution

A

More food produced
Fewer labourers needed on the land because of machinery- more factory workers
Enough food to feed increasing population

48
Q

When was the mechanical reaper invented and by whom

A

Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper and it was for cutting corn, reduced the amount of time needed for harvesting crops

49
Q

When and by whom was the seed drill invented

A

Jethro Tull invented the seed drill. Pulled by horse or cow it made a furrow and dropped seeds into it. The seed was then covered in soil to protect it from birds

JC History (38 decks)

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