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Step 1 > Behavioral Science > Flashcards

Behavioral Science Flashcards

1
Q

Study measuring disease prevalence and risk factor association in a snapshot of time.

Controls are patients without the risk factor.

A

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Prevalence odds ratio.

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2
Q

Study comparing prior exposure or risk factors for an outcome of interest.

Controls are patients who do not have the outcome regardless of prior exposure status.

A

CASE-CONTROL STUDY

Exposure odds ratio.

Susceptible to recall bias (always retrospective)

Control founding with matching

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3
Q

Study determining if exposure affects the likelihood of disease - can be prospective or historical.

Controls are patients without the risk factor.

A

COHORT STUDY

Relative risk.

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4
Q

Assessment of safety, toxicity, kinetics, and dynamics of a new drug.

A

PHASE I

Healthy volunteers.

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5
Q

Assessment of efficacy, dosing, and adverse effects of a new drug.

A

PHASE II

Patients with disease of interest.

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6
Q

Assessment of new drug vs standard of care.

A

PHASE III

Large randomized controlled trial.

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7
Q

Assessment of rare or long-term adverse effects.

A

PHASE IV

Postmarketing surveillance.

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8
Q

Proportion of people with disease who test positive.

A

SENSITIVITY

High sensitivity useful for ruling out disease (screening) - low false-negative rate.

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9
Q

Proportion of all people without disease who test negative.

A

SPECIFICITY

High specificity useful for ruling in disease (confirmatory) - low false-positive rate.

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10
Q

Proportion of positive test results that are true positives.

A

POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE

Increases with increasing pretest probability (prevalence) - high pretest probability means higher PPV

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11
Q

Proportion of negative test results that are true negatives.

A

NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE

Decreases with increasing pretest probability (prevalence) - high pretest probability means lower NPV

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12
Q

Odds of exposure of people with the disease, compared with odds of exposure of people without the disease.

A

ODDS RATIO

If rows are exposed/unexposed and columns are disease/no disease then OR = ad/bc

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13
Q

Relative risk

A

RELATIVE RISK

Treatment Rate/Control Rate

If prevalence is low, OR = RR (rare disease assumption)

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14
Q

Absolute risk increase (Attributable Risk)

A

Treatment Rate - Control Rate

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15
Q

Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) - The proportion of risk reduction attributable to the intervention

A

RELATIVE RISK REDUCTION

RRR = 1 - RR = ARR/Control Rate

Note: ARP = (RR - 1)/RR

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16
Q

Absolute risk reduction (ARR)

A

Control Rate - Treatment Rate

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17
Q

Number needed to treat.

A

1/ARR

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18
Q

Number needed to harm.

A

1/ARI

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19
Q

The absence of random variation in a test.

A

PRECISION

A measure of reliability/reproducibility

20
Q

The absence of systematic error or bias in a test.

A

ACCURACY

A measure of validity

21
Q

Null hypothesis incorrectly rejected in favor of alternative hypothesis.

A

TYPE I ERROR (ALPHA)

22
Q

Null hypothesis is not rejected when it is in fact false.

A

TYPE II ERROR (BETA)

Statistical power = 1 - Beta

23
Q

Motor milestones.

A 
1 mo: Lifts head
6 mo: Rolls and sits, passes toy hand to hand
8 mo: Crawls
10 mo: Stands, pincer grasp
12 mo: Walks, points
18 mo: Climbs stairs
20 mo: Feeds self
24 mo: Kicks ball
3 yr: Tricycle
4 yr: Copies line or circle, hops
5 yr: Grooms self
24
Q

Social milestones.

A 
2 mo: Social smile
6 mo: Stranger anxiety
9 mo: Separation anxiety
24 mo: Away from mother
24-36 mo: Parallel play
36 mo: Gender identity
3 yr: Time away from mother
4 yr: Cooperative play
25
Q

Verbal/Cognitive milestones.

A 
4 mo: Orients to voice
9 mo: Orients to name, object permanence
10 mo: Mama and dada
2 yr: 200 words, 2 word sentences
3 yr: 1000 words, complete sentences
4 yr: Tells stories
26
Q

Sleep chances in the elderly.

A

Decreased REM sleep and slow-wave sleep
Increased sleep onset latency
Increased early awakenings

27
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss of higher frequencies (cochlear base).

A

PRESBYCUSIS

28
Q

Basic information that can be shared to presumed family when patient cannot give consent.

A

Patient is stable.

29
Q

Procedure in a case of suspected child abuse.

A

Interview child alone then contact CPS immediately if any suspicion.

30
Q

Selection bias created by selecting hospitalized patients as the control group.

A

Berkson’s bias

31
Q

Difference between confounding variables and effect modification.

A

After stratification there will be a significant difference in risk in effect modification, but not with a confounding variable.

32
Q

Equation for SE - Used when describing the confidence interval for a sample rather than the normal distribution of a population.

A

SE = SD/sqrt(n)

33
Q

Observer bias leading to the tendency of subjects to change their behavior as a result of their awareness that they are being studied.

A

Hawthorne effect

34
Q

Effect describing the fact that a researcher’s belief in the efficacy of treatment can potentially affect the outcome.

A

Pygmalion effect

35
Q

Selection bias in which subjects lost to follow up differ in their risk of developing the outcome compared to the remaining subjects.

A

Attrition bias

36
Q

Bias occurring when either exposure or outcome is not identified correctly.

A

Misclassification bias

If random (nondifferential) - will affect all groups to the same extent.

37
Q

Study where the unit of analysis is populations rather than individuals.

A

Ecological study

Attempting to connect these results to individuals is known as ecological fallacy

38
Q

Study that starts out as cohort studies and then recruits patients who develop an outcome of interest into a case-control study.

A

Nested case-control design

39
Q

Bias referring to the fact that a risk factor itself may lead to extensive diagnostic investigation and increase the probability that a disease is detected.

A

Detection bias

40
Q

Requirement for hospice care.

A

Life expectancy of < 6 months.

41
Q

Response to suspected intimate partner violence.

A

Investigate emergency safety plans and give referrals - do not pressure the patient to disclose to act

42
Q

Probably that one event will turn out differently (independent events)

A

1 - P(all will turn out the same)

43
Q

Standard deviations

A

1 - 68%
2 - 95%
3 - 99.7%

Note - Includes both tails so divide in half for one tail

44
Q

Positive likelihood ratio

A

Sensitivity/(1-Specificity)

Note - Negative LR is (1 - Sensitivity)/Specificity

45
Q

Incidence

A

New cases/Total at risk

Note - Total at risk is total population minus those who already have the disease

46
Q

Covered by Medicare (Federal)

A

> 65 with work history
Disabilities
ESRD
ALS

Note - Parts A (hospitalization), B (outpatient, devices), C (dental/vision), D (prescription)

47
Q

Covered by Medicaid (State)

A

Low-income families
Pregnant women
Homeless
Undocumented immigrants

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