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5B > G > Flashcards

G Flashcards

1
Q

why is ATP hydrolysed?

A

to release energy needed for biological processes

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2
Q

in which molecules is energy stored in

A

fats, carbs, lipids and proteins

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3
Q

which biological processes require energy

A
  • active transport
  • cell division
  • DNA replication
  • endo/exocytosis
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4
Q

define metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions happening within living cells

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5
Q

what are anabolic reactions

A

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones which requires energy

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6
Q

what are catabolic reactions

A

hydrolysis of large molecules into smaller ones which releases energy

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7
Q

components in ATP

A
  • ribose (5C sugar)
  • adenine base
  • 3 phosphate groups
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8
Q

bond between ribose sugar and first phosphate group

A

phosphodiester

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9
Q

what’s energy released during hydrolysis of ATP used for

A
  • thermal energy/heat which helps maintain body temperature (enzymes can work at optimum temp)
  • chemical potential energy in ATP which allows cells to do work
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10
Q

where is the energy for the condensation reaction of ADP+Pi to ATP acquired from

A

energy released from respiration

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11
Q

why is only a small amount of energy released when ATP is hydrolysed

A
  • not wasteful
  • prevents damage
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12
Q

what are the 4 stages in respiration

A
  1. glycolysis (anaerobic process in cytoplasm)
  2. link reaction (in matrix)
  3. Krebs cycle (in matrix)
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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13
Q

what’s glycolysis

A

metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate

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14
Q

outline glycolysis the steps in glycolysis

A
  1. phosphorylation of glucose (6C) to hexose bisphosphate (6C), 2ATP used for this
  2. splitting of of hexose bisphosphate (6C) into 2 triose phosphate molecules (3C)
  3. oxidation of the 2 triose phosphate molecules (3C) into 2 pyruvate molecules (3C), 2NAD reduced to 2 NADH and 4 ADP phosphorylated to 4ATP ( substrate level phosphorylation)
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15
Q

products of glycolysis (for each glucose molecule)

A
  • 2ATP (4 made, 2 used to start the process)
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 pyruvate molecules
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16
Q

what occurs to the 2 pyruvate molecules made in glycolysis

A

they’re actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix for the link reaction

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17
Q

role of NADH

A

carries H+ and e- to the cristae and delivers them to be used in oxidative phosphorylation for the generation of ATP

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18
Q

what’s the link reaction

A

metabolic pathway that converts pyruvate (3C) into acetylcoA (2C)

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19
Q

outline the steps in the Link reaction

A
  1. pyruvate (3C) is decarboxylated (releasing CO2) and dehydrogenated (producing NADH). This produces acetate (2C)
  2. coenzyme A (coA) is added to acetate (2C) producing acetylcoA (2C), which carries acetyl group to the Krebs cycle
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20
Q

how many turns of link reaction per glucose molecule

A

2 as one pyruvate of the 2 produced in glycolysis is used

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21
Q

which stages of respiration happen under aerobic conditions

A
  1. the link reaction
  2. the Krebs cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
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22
Q

what’s the cristae

A

inner highly folded mitochondrial matrix

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23
Q

what’s the mitochondrial matrix

A

fluid filled inner part of the mitochondria

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24
Q

shape of mitochondria

A

rod-shaped, thread like or spherical

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25
Q

what’s the mitochondrial envelope made of

A

inner and outer phospholipid membrane

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26
Q

features of the inner membrane

A
  • proteins that transport e- and protein channels associated with ATP synthase (allow H+ to diffuse through them) embedded in inner membrane
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27
Q

what’s the space called between the inner and outer membrane

A

intermembrane space

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28
Q

what things does the mitochondrial matrix contain

A
  • mitochondrial ribosomes where proteins are assembled
  • looped mitochondrial DNA which may encode for enzymes and other proteins
  • enzymes for link reaction and Krebs cycle
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29
Q

what’s substrate- level phosphorylation

A

production of ATP from ADP+Pi during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

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30
Q

what’s the Krebs cycle ?

A

series of enzyme catalysed reactions that oxidise the acetate from the link reaction to 2 CO2, while conserving energy by reducing NAD and FAD

31
Q

outline the steps in the Krebs cycle

A
  1. acetyl group (2C) released from acetylCoA combines with oxaloactate (4C) to form citrate (6C)
  2. citrate (6C) is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated making a 5C compound, 1 CO2 and 1 NADH
  3. 5C compound is further decarboxylated and dehydrogenated making a 4C compound, 1 CO2 and 1 NADH
  4. 4C compound combines temporarily with and the released from CoA. Substrate level phosphorylation produces 1 ATP
  5. 4C compound combines is dehydrogenated making 4C compound and 1FADH
  6. 4C compound is rearranged by isomerase enzymes, then dehydrogenated producing 1 NADH. Oxaloacetate is regenerated
32
Q

how many turns of the Krebs cycle for every glucose molecule

A

2

33
Q

how many NADH are produced per glucose molecule in the link reaction and Krebs cycle

A
  • 2 in link
  • 6 in Krebs
34
Q

how many FADH are produced per glucose molecule in the link reaction and Krebs cycle

A
  • 0 in link
  • 2 in Krebs
35
Q

how many CO2 are produced per glucose molecule in the link reaction and Krebs cycle

A
  • 2 in link
  • 4 in Krebs
36
Q

how many ATP are produced per glucose molecule in the link reaction and Krebs cycle

A
  • 0 in link
  • 2 in Krebs
37
Q

what other substances can be respired

A
  • fatty acids
  • glycerol
  • amino acids
38
Q

what’s chemiosmosis

A

flow of protons, down their conc gradient, across a membrane, through a channel associated with ATP synthase

39
Q

what’s oxidative phosphorylation

A

formation of ATP using energy released in ETC and in the presence of O2. Last stage in aerobic respiration

40
Q

outline the stages in oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. NADH and FADH are reoxidised when they deliver their H atoms to the ETC
  2. H atoms split into H+ and e-
  3. H+ go into the solution in mitochondrial matrix
  4. e- passed along chain of e- carrier proteins, each contains iron ion which is reduced to Fe2+ and reoxidised to Fe3+, releasing some energy used to pump H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane, into intermembrane space
  5. H+ accumulates in intermembrane space forming a proton gradient across membrane
  6. H+ gradient generates chemiosmotic potential
  7. H+ diffuses through protein channels associated with ATP synthase, causing a conformational change in the enzyme that makes ADP and Pi combine to make ATP
  8. O2 is the final e- acceptor
41
Q

equation showing O2 accepting e-

A

4H+ + 4e- + O2 —> 2H2O

42
Q

number of NADH made in glycolysis , link and Krebs per glucose molecule

A
  • 2 in glycolysis
  • 2 in link
  • 6 in Krebs
43
Q

number of FADH made in glycolysis , link and Krebs per glucose molecule

A
  • 0 in glycolysis
  • 0 in link
  • 2 in Krebs
44
Q

yield of ATP from oxidative phosphorylation and why

A
  • 28
  • H+ and e- from 10NADH can theoretically make 25ATP
  • H+ and e- from 2 FADH can theoretically make 3 ATP
45
Q

net gain of ATP per glucose molecule in glycolysis

A

2

46
Q

net gain of ATP per glucose molecule in the Link reaction

A

0

47
Q

net gain of ATP per glucose molecule in the Krebs cycle

A

2

48
Q

net gain of ATP per glucose molecule in oxidative phosphorylation

A

28

49
Q

total yield of ATP per glucose in respiration

A

32

50
Q

why is the actual yield of ATP closer to 30

A
  • ATP used to actively transport pyruvate into the mitochondria
  • ATP used to transport NADH, made during glycolysis into mitochondria
  • some H+ may leak out through outer m.membrane
51
Q

what effect does the absence of O2 have on aerobic respiration

A
  1. O2 can’t be the final e- acceptor. H+ can’t combine with O2 and e- to form H2O
  2. conc of H+ in matrix increases, reducing H+ gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane
  3. oxidative phosphorylation ceases
  4. NADH and FADH can’t unload their H atoms, so not oxidised
  5. Krebs and link stop
52
Q

where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur

A

cytoplasm

53
Q

which organisms use the lactate fermentation pathway

A

mammals

54
Q

which organisms use the ethanol fermentation pathway

A

fungi (yeast) and plants

55
Q

which stage in respiration can still occur without oxygen

A
  • glycolysis but NADH had to be reoxidised for glycolysis to continue, can’t do so at ETC so another metabolic pathway needed
56
Q

outline the ethanol fermentation pathway

A

pyruvate decarboxylated releasing CO2, forms ethanal which is reduced by 2 NADH to form ethanol

57
Q

outline the lactate fermentation pathway

A

pyruvate reduced by 2 NADH which forms lactate (lactic acid)

58
Q

where are the molecules of pyruvate and NADH used in anaerobic respiration from

A

glycolysis

59
Q

why is excess lactate toxic

A
  • pH lowered in cells inhibiting action of enzymes involved in glycolysis and muscle contraction
60
Q

how does the body get rid of excess lactate

A

lactate carried away from muscles, in blood, to the liver where its converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis) and used in respiration or converted to pyruvate and enters Krebs via link

61
Q

what’s the net production of ATP from anaerobic respiration per glucose molecule

A

2 ATP

62
Q

what’s a respiratory substrate

A

an organic substance that can be oxidised by respiration, releasing energy to make ATP

63
Q

examples of respiratory substrates

A

carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

64
Q

why do lipids produce more ATP than an equivalent mass of carbohydrate

A

lipids have more H atoms (source of H+ for oxidative phosphorylation)

65
Q

energy value of carbohydrates

A

15.8

66
Q

energy value of proteins

A

17.0

67
Q

energy value of lipids

A

39.4

68
Q

equation for respiratory quotient (RQ)

A

CO2 produced/ O2 consumed

69
Q

RQ for lipids

A

0.7

70
Q

RQ for proteins

A

0.9

71
Q

RQ for carbohydrates

A

1

72
Q

what can you deduce from an RQ that’s greater than 1

A

aerobic respiration is occurring as more CO2 is being produced than O2 being consumed

73
Q

look at respiration experiments…

A

5B (8 decks)

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