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EPSY 2020 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

which of these characterizes the moro reflex in infants?

A

extend limbs, arch back, shocked face

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2
Q

______ is the leading cause of post neonatal infant death in the United States.

A

SIDS

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3
Q

Explain the combination of fine and gross motor skills as they apply to the cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles.

A

goes with the proximodistal principle because your gross motor skills develop first, and then your fine motor skills follow

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4
Q

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development assesses children from 1 month to 3 1/2 years and produces what?

A

produces child’s strengths and weaknesses in 5 developmental areas: cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, adaptive behavior

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5
Q

the proportion of babies born alive who die within the first year is called _________. it has (increased or decreased) since the beginning of the 20th century.

A

infant mortality rate; decreased

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6
Q

explain the visual cliff

A

involves an apparent, but not actual drop from one surface to another. This tool was originally developed to determine if infants had developed depth perception

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7
Q

the center of the brain that is responsible for language and logical thinking

A

left hemisphere

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8
Q

___________ behaviors are controlled by the lower brain centers that govern other involuntary processes and are automatic, innate responses to stimulation

A

reflex

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9
Q

how are perception and motor development related to each other?

A

gives infants useful info about themselves and the world; perception sharpens

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10
Q

why is it important to identify hearing impairments early in life?

A

it is key to language development

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11
Q

explain relationship between neurological health and reflexes

A

good reflexes are a sign of good neurological health

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12
Q

what does the evidence suggest of the link between autism and vaccines?

A

no link

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13
Q

_______ is the least developed sense at birth.

A

sight

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14
Q

_______ is the most developed sense at birth.

A

touch

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15
Q

what are the HOME factors?

A

achievement scores, language competence, motor and social development

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16
Q

_________ expresses a complete thought.

A

holophase

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17
Q

explain operant conditioning and give an example

A

reward/punishment

pos. reinforcement - sticker
neg. reinforcement - buckle seatbelt, annoying ding goes away
pos. punishment - spanking
neg. punishment - lose tv privileges

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18
Q

explain classical conditioning and give example

A

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone; pavlov’s slobbering dogs

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19
Q

Piaget’s first cognitive stage is _________.

A

sensorimotor

20
Q

the ___________ period of speech development includes crying, cooing, babbling, and imitating language sounds.

A

prelinguistic

21
Q

the ___________ approach seeks to determine and measure the qualitative factor of intelligence.

A

psychometric

22
Q

__________ theory maintains that children have an inborn language acquisition device, while _________ theory emphasizes the role of reinforcement.

A

nativism; behaviorist

23
Q

review primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions on page 112.

A

primary: action and response both involve infants’ own body
secondary: action gets a response from another person
tertiary: pleasing result so action is repeated

24
Q

a child’s rate of growth is most rapid during _______.

A

infancy

25
Q

in operant conditioning, a ________ results in a greater chance of behavior being performed, while a _________ results in a decrease in the chance a behavior will be performed.

A

reinforcement; punishment

26
Q

what is habituation?

A

type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces attention to it

27
Q

_________ involves understanding one event causes another.

A

causation

28
Q

which approach is concerned with the mental processes of learning and memory?

A

information-processing approach

29
Q

characteristic style of approaching people and situations is __________.

A

temperament

30
Q

according to the New York Longitudinal Study, 40% of children exhibit a temperamental pattern described as __________.

A

easy-peasy

31
Q

the earliest form of communication in babies is _______.

A

crying

32
Q

self-conscious emotions arise only after children have developed self-awareness at about age ___.

A

3

33
Q

what is attachment?

A

reciprocal, enduring tie between 2 people - infant and caregiver

34
Q

in early infancy, when the structures responsible for memory storage are not fully formed, memories are relatively _________.

A

fleeting

35
Q

what are Erikson’s first 2 crises and give examples of each

A

trust vs mistrust

36
Q

according to the Strange Situation, what patterns of attachment were found?

A

avoidant, secure, resistant

37
Q

what is our image of ourselves?

A

self-concept

38
Q

what is distress shown by an infant when a familiar caregiver leaves?

A

separation anxiety

39
Q

what is a child’s independent control of behavior to conform to social expectations?

A

self-regulation

40
Q

the brain and spinal cord make up the _______ nervous system.

A

central

41
Q

eight-month-old Maci cries loudly when carried by someone she doesn’t know well. she is showing _______________.

A

stranger anxiety

42
Q

how does conflict with peer relationships effect toddlers and preschool children?

A

it is useful for learning social skills, including advocating for self and resolving disputes

43
Q

____________ rests on the internalization of societally approved standards.

A

socialization

44
Q

The America Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be given: _________ for the first __ months, then gradually introduced to ____________________ beginning at ________ months.

A

breastmilk; 6; iron-rich solid foods; 6-12

45
Q

shy babies can become overwhelmed with harsh parenting techniques, while very bold babies may need a firmer hand. the match between child temperament and parenting techniques can be considered as an issue of ___________________.

A

goodness of fit

EPSY 2020 (3 decks)

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