Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Transports fluids, nutrients, waste products, gases, hormones
Exchanges materials between blood, cells, extracellular fluid
- immune response, blood pressure, regulation of body temperature
Heart, blood vessels, capillary beds, blood

Question 2

Function of the Heart

Answer 2

• generates blood pressure by moving blood through vessels
• Routing blood: separates pulmonary and systemic circulations
• Ensures one-way blood flow
• Regulates blood supply
• Changes to match need

Question 3

Location of the heart

Answer 3

thoracic cavity in mediastinum

Question 4

Characteristics of the heart

Answer 4

• size of a closed fist
  Apex - blunt rounded point of cone
  Base - flat part at opposite end

Question 5

Pericardium

Answer 5

Fibrous and serious pericardium

Question 6

Fibrous pericardium

Answer 6

tough fibrous outer layer

Question 7

Serous pericardium

Answer 7

thin, transparent, inner layer, simple squamous epithelium

Question 8

Heart Wall

Answer 8

1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Question 9

Epicardium

Answer 9

Serous membrane; smooth outer surface of heart

Question 10

Myocardium

Answer 10

middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells - contractability

Question 11

Endocardium

Answer 11

smooth inner surface of heart chambers

Question 12

Pectinate muscles

Answer 12

muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall

Question 13

Trabeculae muscles

Answer 13

muscular ridges and columns on inside walls of ventricles

Question 14

Right atrium

Answer 14

three major openings to receive blood returning from the body

Question 15

Left atrium

Answer 15

four openings that receive blood from pulmonary veins

Question 16

Atrioventricular canals

Answer 16

openings between atria and respective ventricles

Question 17

Right ventricle

Answer 17

opens to pulmonary trunk

Question 18

Left ventricle

Answer 18

opens to aorta; very muscular wall

Question 19

Interventricular septum

Answer 19

between two ventricles

Question 20

Great vessels: into heart

Answer 20

Right atrium - superior, inferior vena cava

Left atrium - left, right pulmonary veins

Question 21

Great vessels; out of heart

Answer 21

Right ventricle - pulmonary trunk

Left ventricle - aorta

Question 22

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 22

Cusps attached to papillary muscles by chordae tendineae
Right - tricuspid
Left - bicuspid
- valve open: blood flows A to V
- valve closed: blood exits ventricle

Question 23

Semi-lunar valves

Answer 23

Right - pulmonary
Left - aortic
Valve closes when cusps are filled - stops backflow
Valves are open when cusps are empty - blood exits the heart

Question 24

Arteries

Answer 24

elastic, muscular, aterioles
Take blood away from the heart
Contain blood under pressure

Question 25

Capillaries

Answer 25

site of exchange with tissues (interstitial fluid)

Question 26

Veins

Answer 26

large, medium, small, venules Takes blood to the heart Thinner walls than arteries, contain less elastic tissue, less smooth muscle Valves to prevent backflow

Question 27

Tunica intima

Answer 27

endothelium

Question 28

Tunica media

Answer 28

smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel - vasoconstriction: smooth muscle contract, decrease in blood flow - vasodilation: smooth muscles relax, increase in blood flow

Question 29

Tunica externa (adventitia)

Answer 29

connective tissue

Question 30

Capillaries

Answer 30

Capillary beds - extensive networks for exchange Wall consists of endothelial cells (simple squamous), basement membrane and delicate layer of C.T Substances move through by diffusion

Question 31

Functions of blood

Answer 31

``` Transport - gases, nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, hormones, enzymes pH and osmosis regulation (pH 7.4) Maintenance of body temperature Protection against foreign substances Clot formation ```

Question 32

Red Blood Cells

Answer 32

- No nucleus and biconcave shape to increase SA (oxygen carrying capacity) - Oxygen - 98.5% haemoglobin, 1.5% dissolved in plasma