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Disease Dilemmas > 5.a. > Flashcards

5.a. Flashcards

1
Q

When was Hippocrates alive?

A

459 -377 BC

The ‘Father of Medicine’.

Documented the effects of over 300 medicinal plants in the first ever collection of written documents of medicine:

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2
Q

Who was Hippocrates?

A

The ‘Father of Medicine’.

Documented the effects of over 300 medicinal plants in the first ever collection of written documents of medicine

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3
Q

Give 2 examples of medicinal plants documented by Hippocrates

A

Garlic: clears out intestinal parasites.

Nightshade: a poisonous narcotic.

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4
Q

When was the Chelsea Apothecary Society formed?

A

1673.

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5
Q

What was the Chelsea Apothecary Society?

A

Institute aimed to grow and research the medicinal properties of plants.

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6
Q

What did the Chelsea Apothecary Society do?

A

Named plants after the body part that they healed.

E.g. Lungwort, Bladderwort.

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7
Q

When was morphine first introduced?

A

Early 19th century.

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8
Q

What was the first derived and isolated medicine from nature?

A

Morphine

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9
Q

How is morphine an alkaloid?

A

Its latex comes from the pods and seeds of the plant. (Morphine from an opium poppy)

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10
Q

What is an alkaloid?

A

Medicine that was created from the extraction of the desired property from the plant itself.

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11
Q

When were glycosides introduced?

A

End of the 19th century.

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12
Q

What are glycosides?

A

Organic molecules which can be isolated from plant or animal sources.

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13
Q

Glycosides and alkaloids have allowed for what?

A

The development and creation of semi-synthetic drugs.

E.g. aspirin.

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14
Q

What is the most common form of administration for semi-synthetic drugs?

A

Injection into the bloodstream.

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15
Q

In the present day, in what form are most drugs? What countries have these?

A

Fully synthetic drugs.

ACs.

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16
Q

What types of medicines are used in EDCs and LIDCs?

A

Traditional medicines used in the developing world -> EDCs and LIDCs.

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16
Q

What are 3 examples of medicine in nature?

A

Caffeine.

Colchicine.

Morphine.

Digitalis.

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16
Q

Outline the origins of caffeine.

A

Originally from tea, coffee, and coca.

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17
Q

Outline the conditions caffeine is produced in?

A

Tropical and subtropical conditions.

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18
Q

What temperature range does caffeine need to grow?

A

Temps averaging 20-27°C.

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19
Q

How much rainfall does caffeine need to grow?

A

Abundant rainfall (1000-2000 mm/ year).

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20
Q

Outline the soils in which caffeine grows?

A

Soils which are well drained, with good organic content and nitrogen.

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21
Q

What is the medicinal purpose of caffeine?

A

Acts as a stimulant to CNS, heart, and muscles.

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22
Q

Outline the origins of colchicine.

A

Originally from autumn crocus.

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23
Q

Outline the conditions colchicine is produced in?

A

Moist temperature climate conditions.

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24
Q

Outline the soils in which colchicine grows?

A

Deep, well-drained soils with slightly acidic pH (~6.5).

Soil with good moisture retention.

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25
Q

What is the medicinal purpose of colchicine?

(Medicine in Nature)

A

Treats cancer and gout.

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26
Q

Outline the origins of morphine.

(Medicine in Nature)

A

Originally from dried latex from seed pods of several species of opium poppy.

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27
Q

Outline the conditions caffeine is produced in?

(Medicine in Nature)

A

Warm, humid conditions.

28
Q

What temperature range does caffeine need to grow?

(Medicine in Nature)

A

Clear sunny days with temperatures of 30-38°C.

29
Q

What weather is morphine susceptible to?

(Medicine in Nature)

A

Frost and wet weather.

30
Q

What is the medicinal purpose of morphine?

(Medicine in Nature)

A

Acts as a pain reliver.

31
Q

Outline the origins of digitalis.

(Medicine in Nature)

A

Originally from foxglove.

32
Q

Outline the conditions digitalis is produced in?

(Medicine in Nature)

A

Temperate climate conditions.

33
Q

What weather is digitalis tolerant to?

(Medicine in Nature)

A

High rainfall, cool summers and acidic soils.

34
Q

What is the medicinal purpose of digitalis?

(Medicine in Nature)

A

Treats dropsy and heart failure.

35
Q

What is the rosy periwinkle?

A

Small evergreen shrub which is native to Madagascar.

36
Q

What climate and soils does the rosy periwinkle require?

A

Requires a warm tropical climate, no frost.

Soils should be well-drained but moisture - retaining, and slightly acidic.

37
Q

State 3 traditional medicinal uses of the rosy periwinkle.

A

Wasp stings in India.

Diabetes in China and Philippines.

Popular ornamental garden plant.

38
Q

When did the rosy periwinkle come to attention? Why?

A

1960s, when analysis revealed that it contained 70 known alkaloids, several of which have significant medical value.

39
Q

Analysis showed that the rosy periwinkle contained 70 known alkaloids. What were the two that were previously unknown called? What did they do?

A

Vincristine and vinblastine.

Powerful in the treatment of cancer.

40
Q

Outline vincristine as an alkaloid of the rosy periwinkle.

A

Used in chemotherapy.

Used for treating child leukaemia.

Survival rates from 10% (1970), to 90% (today).

41
Q

Outline vinblastine as an alkaloid of the rosy periwinkle.

A

Highly useful in treating Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

42
Q

What is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

An uncommon cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, (part of your immune system).

43
Q

Have scientists synthesised vinblastine/cristine?

A

Currently scientists have been unable to synthesise these alkaloids, so production relies on commercial cultivation.

44
Q

Vincristine and vinblastine are worth hundreds of millions to what US pharma-giant that develops them?

A

Eli Lilly.

45
Q

What is commercial cultivation?

A

Farming that focuses on producing agricultural products for sale in the market.

46
Q

What is Eli Lilly guilty of?

A

Guilty of biopiracy: channelling few profits back to indigenous farmers.

47
Q

What is biopiracy?

A

When a company commercially exploits naturally occurring product, while failing to pay fair compensation to the community from which it originates.

48
Q

Eli Lilly is guilty of biopiracy. What does this mean for Madagascar?

A

Hinders economic growth and progress in tackling inequality and poverty.

49
Q

What does CITES stand for?

(Conservation issues relating to the international trade in medicinal plants)

A

the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

50
Q

What is CITES?

A

An international agreement between governments.

It aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species.

51
Q

How many animal and plant species are covered by the provision of CITES?

A

Around 25,000 plant species and 5,000 animal species are covered by the provisions of the Convention, in the following proportions:

52
Q

How does the CITES appendix system work?

A

The higher the appendix, the more acutely endangered a species (greater risk of extinction).

53
Q

Outline the CITES appendix 1.

A

Appendix I: about 600 animal species and 300 plant species.

54
Q

Outline the CITES appendix 2.

A

Appendix II: about 1,400 animal species and 25,000 plant species.

55
Q

Outline the CITES appendix 3.

A

Appendix III: about 270 animal species and 30 plant species.

56
Q

Globally, how many plant species does CITES protect?

A

32,800.

57
Q

How much medicinal plant export has been registered through CITES?

A

54 million kg.

58
Q

How many people globally use traditional medicines as a primary source? Where are most located?

(Traditional Medicines and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM))

A

5 billion people.

Most of these being in developing (LIDCs and EDC) countries.

59
Q

What does TCM philosophy propose?

A

Proposes that everything - including organs of the body - is composed of the five elements: fire, earth, metal, water, and wood.

60
Q

How are herbs classified in TCM?

A

Classified into the five tastes - sweet, salty, bitter, pungent, and sour - which correspond to the five elements.

61
Q

In TCM, herbs are prescribed to restore what?

A

Restore energy balance to the opposing forces of energy - Yin and Yang - that run through invisible channels in the body.

62
Q

Give two examples of TCM practices.

A

Gua-sha.

Cupping.

63
Q

What is Gua-sha?

(TCM)

A

The abrading of the skin with pieces of smooth jade, bone, animal tusks or horns or smooth stones is believed to be the treatment for almost any ailment.

64
Q

What is cupping?

(TCM)

A

A type of Chinese massage, consisting of placing glass cups on the skin works when a match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin.

This creates a lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin via suction.

65
Q

What is Samoa?

(Samoa Case Study: Medicine from nature, without destroying the ecosystem)

A

A pacific island.

66
Q

What was discovered in Samoa, 1980?

A

The alkaloid prostialin.

67
Q

Where does the alkaloid prostialin come from? What does it do?

A

The mamala tree, and is used as a treatment for HIV.

68
Q

What did the Samoan government do in relation to the extraction of the mamala tree? What did this allow for?

A

They did not allow pharmaceutical companies to extract the plant without returning revenue back to Samoa.

This allowed Samoa to gain revenue which was then used to support tropical rainforest conservation, as well as rainforest communities.

69
Q

How could the Samoan governments anti-biopiracy decision been seen as influential?

A

As the decision gained traction, companies such as the National Cancer Institute began to invest in Samoa for its possible future discoveries of major treatments and cures.

Disease Dilemmas (10 decks)

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