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ABDOMEN > 6 - Horse GIT > Flashcards

6 - Horse GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Small intestine divisions and relative ‘lengths’:

A

-duodenum: short
-jejunum: long
-ileum: short

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2
Q

What is the order of the divisions of the ascending colon?

A

-R. ventral colon
-L. ventral colon
-L. dorsal colon
-R. dorsal colon

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3
Q

What are the boundaries of the abdomen?

A

-diaphragm
-pelvis
-body wall
-spine/ribs

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4
Q

What makes up the body wall?

A

-skin, cutaneous trunci m.
>(superficial and deep fascia: tunica flava)
-external oblique m.
-internal oblique m.
-transversus m.
-rectus m.
-linea alba and prepubic tendon

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5
Q

What are the ‘layers’ of the inguinal rings and canal?

A

-superficial ring
-canal
-deep ring (aka vaginal ring)

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6
Q

What is the clinical importance of the inguinal rings and canal?

A

-hernias and testicular descent
*vaginal ring size is what is of concern

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7
Q

What are some surgical approaches for the inguinal rings and canal?

A

-inguinal
-parainguinal

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8
Q

What is a cryptorchid castration?

A

-un-descended testicle=not in scrotum

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9
Q

What are the different ‘degrees’ of an un-descended testicle?

A

-complete (abdominal)
-incomplete (vaginal ring)
-‘higher flanker’ (adjacent to body wall)

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10
Q

How do you approach an inguinal/scrotal hernia?

A

-external ring: suture
-vaginal ring: staples via laparoscopy

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11
Q

What are examples of simple monogastric animals?

A

-dog
-cat
-human

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12
Q

What are examples of caudal fermenters?

A

-pig
-horse
-rhino

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13
Q

What are some examples of cranial fermenters?

A

-cattle
-sheep
-goats
-llamas

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14
Q

Stomach:

A

-simple, small
>5-15L
-upper end of rib 15 to lower end of rib 10
-cardia at end of rib 11

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15
Q

What is the blood supply of the equine stomach?

A

-celiac artery

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16
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

-esophageal region
-cardiac gland region
-fundic gland region
-pyloric gland region

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17
Q

Esophageal region lining:

A

-stratified squamous epithelium
-no glands
>likely to be place of gastric ulcers
-+/- keratinization

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18
Q

Cardiac gland region lining:

A

-columnar epithelium
-mucus and entero-endocrine cells
>endorphins, gastrin, histamine, serotonin, somatostatin

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19
Q

Fundic gland region lining:

A

-proper gastric glands
>mucus
>HCl
>pepsin
>rennin
>lipase

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20
Q

What is the name of the fundus of the horse stomach?

A

-saccus cecus

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21
Q

Pyloric gland region lining:

A

-similar to cardiac region
>mucus

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22
Q

Duodenum:

A

-short
-clinically unexciting
>ulceration
>muscular hypertrophy (rare)

23
Q

What is the blood supply of the duodenum?

A

-celiac artery via gastroduodenal
-cranial mesenteric (distal portion)

24
Q

Sigmoid loop in the duodenum:

A

-S-shaped double curvature of the duodenum proximal to the cranial duodenal flexure in UNGULATES

25
Q

Caudal duodenal flexure in horses:

A

-not a hairpin turn in horses
>easier to see a transverse duodenum preceding the ascending duodenum
*’still technically’ present

26
Q

Omental foramen:

A

-opening into omental bursa
-situated between caudal vena cava, caudate lobe of liver and portal vein
*coursing withing the hepatoduodenal ligament

27
Q

Hepatoduodenal ligament:

A

-bile duct runs through it
-opens on major duodenal papilla with the pancreatic duct
>accessory pancreatic duct opens on minor duodenal papilla opposite the major one

28
Q

Spleen:

A

-has a contractile portion
>can increase blood volume and PCV if they lose lots of blood
-nephrosplenic ligament
>large colon can sneak up and get caught on it
*can palpate rectally

29
Q

Gall bladder:

A

-does NOT have one
-constantly producing bile
>if doesn’t eat=recycled into blood stream=can look orange

30
Q

Liver:

A

-rotated to right
-lobes are fused slightly
*omental (epiploic) foramen
*falciform ligament (remnant of embryonic artery)

31
Q

Omental foramen:

A

-SI can get stick in there

32
Q

What is the blood supply of the jejunum?

A

-cranial mesenteric artery

33
Q

What is the blood supply of the ileum?

A

-ileal artery

34
Q

Incarceration of jejunum and ileum into or hocked on:

A

-epiploic foramen
-nephrosplenic ligament
-vaginal ring
-lipoma
-intussusception

35
Q

Intussusception:

A

-piece of gut telescopes into itself=cuts of blood supply

36
Q

Is there a functional sphincter in the terminal ileum of a horse?

A

-no

37
Q

How does digest exit the cecum?

A

-cecocolic ostium
>surrounded by cecocolic valve
*anatomical sphincter is lacking in horses

38
Q

Cecocolic valve:

A

-equine-specific structure formed by 2 mucosal folds

39
Q

How many bands or teniae does a horse cecum have? What are the names?

A

-4
>dorsal
>lateral
>ventral
>medial
*sacculated

40
Q

What are the sacculations (haustra) separated by in the horse cecum?

A

-grooves on exterior that correspond to semilunar golds of cecal mucosa on the interior
*dorsal is NOT sacculated

41
Q

What attaches at the dorsal band of the cecum?

A

-ileocecal fold

42
Q

What attaches at the lateral band of the cecum?

A

-cecocolic fold
>connects cecum and R. ventral colon

43
Q

Where can vessels and lymph nodes be found on the cecum?

A

-medial and lateral bands

44
Q

Where do the ventral and medial band join?

A

-near the apex
*neither are attachment sites for peritoneal folds

45
Q

How many bands does the ventral colon have?

A

-4

46
Q

How many bands does the left dorsal colon have?

A

-1
>smooth

47
Q

How many bands does the right dorsal colon have?

A

-3
>reduced to 2 in the middle portion of the transverse colon

48
Q

How many bands does the descending colon have?

A

-2 bands

49
Q

What can the ascending colon be called in horses?

A

-large colon

50
Q

What is the clinical importance of the ascending colon?

A

-gas colic (tympany)
-impactions
-displacements
-torsions

51
Q

What can the descending colon be called in horses?

A

-small colon
-2 muscular bands
>mesenteric
>anti-mesenteric: FAT

52
Q

What is the clinical importance of the small colon?

A

-trauma
-impactions/foreign bodies
-poor blood supply
>increased risk of enterotomy breakdown
>increased risk of Salmonella spp.
*high failure rate

53
Q

What supplies the colon and cecum?

A

-cranial mesenteric artery

54
Q

Pelvic flexure of the colon:

A

-junction between the dorsal and ventral colons
>narrowing of ventral colon is normal=can be a problem if not eating or drinking properly
»ingesta can get stuck
*impaction likely to occur here

ABDOMEN (8 decks)

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