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Mors 200 Final- Sciences > Chemistry- Green Book- Embalming Fluids > Flashcards

Chemistry- Green Book- Embalming Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Those embalming chemicals that are injected via the circulatory system. Include:

  • Preservatives
  • Germicides
  • Modifying chemicals
  • Supplementary chemicals
A

Arterial Embalming Fluid

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2
Q

Chemicals that have the ability to inactivate saprophytic bacteria and render unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which these bacteria thrive.

  • Some of the most important components of arterial fluid
  • Arrest decomposition by convering the tissues into a form less suitable for decomposition by altering the enzymes of the body that cause decomposition to occur.
  • Many of these are disinfectants as well
A

Preservatives

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3
Q
  • Aldehydes
  • Alcohols
  • Phenolic compounds
A

Examples of Preservatives in Embalming Fluids

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4
Q
  • Methanal (formaldehyde)
  • Glutaraldehyde
  • Occasionally ethanal (acetaldehyde)
A

Aldehydes

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5
Q
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Isopropanol
A

Alcohols

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6
Q

Occasionally used as preservative agents:

  • Phenol
  • Phenolic derivatives
A

Phenolic Compounds

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7
Q

Chemical added specifically for the purpose of destroying disease causing microorganisms.

A

Supplemental Germicides

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8
Q
  • Quatenary ammonium compounds (quats)
  • Glutaraldehyde
A

Common Germicides

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9
Q

Serves as both a supplemental germicide as wel as a preservative. It is also widely used as a surface disinfectant.

A

Glutaraldehyde

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10
Q

Not used in the basic formulation of arterial embalming fluids because of their incompatibility with some of the other components.

  • Commonly found in cold sterilization formulations for instruments and surface application
  • Found in cavity chemical formulations
A

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

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11
Q

Impart a definite color to the fluid and in some cases to produce a coloration effect on the tissues of the body.

A

Dyes (Coloring Agents)

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12
Q
  • Eosine
  • Erythrosine
  • Ponceau
A

Common Dyes

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13
Q

An orange colored dye used primarily to color the embalmed tissues.

A

Eosine

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14
Q

A red colored dye used primarily to color the embalmed tissues.

A

Erythrosine

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15
Q

A red dye used primarily to color the embalming fluid, it has little coloring effect on the body tissues.

A

Ponceau Red

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16
Q

Chemicals which have either the ability to destroy odors by altering the substances that are causing the odors or they have the ability to cover or mask the unpleasant odor.

  • In arterial embalming fluid their function is to enhance the odor of the embalming fluid, they will not eliminate the odor of the formaldehyde or its effect on the operator.
A

Deodorants

(Perfuming Agents, Masking Agents)

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17
Q
  • Methyl Salicylate (Oil of Wintergreen)- this is an ester and is the most common
  • Benzaldehyde (Oil of bitter almonds)
  • Oil of sassafras
  • Oil of cloves
A

Common Deodorants

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18
Q

Serve as the carriers of the components found in the embalming fluid.

  • Must be miscible with the other components found in the embalming solution
  • Must not react with the other components in any manner that would interfere with their action on the tissues of the body.
  • Might serve more than one function in the embalming solution
A

Vehicles

(Dilutents, Solvents)

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19
Q
  • Water (this is not an organic solvent)
  • Alcohols
  • Occasionally other organic solvents
A

Common Vehicles

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20
Q

Chemicals for which there may be greatly varying demands depending upon the type of embalming, the environment and the embalming fluid to be used.

  • Because of case analysis, an embalmer may need to increase the concentration of a given component in a particular arterial fluid.
A

Arterial Modifying Agents

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21
Q
  • Humectants
  • Buffers
  • Water Conditioning Agents
  • Surfactants
A

Types of Modifying Agents

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22
Q

Chemicals which create an increased capability for embalmed tissues to retain moisture.

  • Might be added to a relatively weak solution when embalming a body predisposed to dehydration ir severely emaciated.
A

Humectants

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23
Q
  • Alcohols
    • Glycerol (Glycerine)
    • Sorbitol
    • Glycols
  • Non-Alcohol
    • Lanolin
A

Chemicals Used as Humectants

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24
Q

Acts as an emollient when injected into the body.

  • Emollient- said to give a soft life-like feel to the body.
A

Lanolin

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25
Q

Chemicals which have a stabilizing effect on the acid-base balance (pH) of the embalming solutions and in the tissues of the body.

  • Crucial- some chemicals are inactivated by the shifts in the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) that accompany death and the decomposition process.
A

Buffers

26
Q
  • Borax
  • Sodium Phosphate
  • Citrates
  • Sodium Salt of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetrasodiumacetate)
A

Common Buffers

27
Q

Generally not incorporated directly in the basic arterial embalming fluid because of their incompatibility with other ingredients in the fluid.

A

Salts of EDTA

28
Q

Chemicals added when the water used to dilute the concentrated fluid is known to have or suspected of containing the ions that cause hardness of water.

  • Calcium and/or magnesium ions- cause the blood to coagulate when it comes in contact with arterial embalming solution
  • Causes a sequestering of the ions which cause clotting- easier embalming with less complications
  • Some also serve as buffers
A

Water Conditioning Agents

(Water Softeners, Anticoagulants)

29
Q
  • Sodium Citrate
  • Sodium salts of EDTA
  • Oxalate salts (limited due to toxicity)
A

Common Water Conditioning Agents

30
Q

Reduce the molecular cohesion of a liquid and thereby enables the fluid to flow through smaller aperatures.

  • Cause a “sheeting action” in dish-detergents which prevent spots from forming on glasses
  • In embalming, the action relates to the embalming solution as it approaches the cell membrane. Enables diffusion across the membrane allowing better penetration
A

Surfactants

(Surface Active Agents, Wetting Agents, Surface Tension Reducers, Penetrating Agents)

31
Q
  • Sulfonates
  • Sodium laurel sulfate
A

Common Surfactants

32
Q

Those embalming chemicals which are intended to be injected into the cavities of the body following aspiration.

  • Not intended for arterial inejction
  • Not identical to arterial fluids in composition:
    • Preservatives
    • Germicides
    • Surfactants
    • Vehicles
A

Cavity Fluids

33
Q

Most important component

  • Aldehydes (same as arterial)
  • Alcohols (same as arterial)
  • Pehnolic compounds (used more commonly here than in arterial fluids)
A

Preservatives in Cavity Fluids

34
Q
  • Glutaraldehyde
  • Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats)
A

Germicides in Cavity Fluids

35
Q
  • Sulfonates
  • Sodium Laurel Sulfate
A

Surfactants Used in Cavity Fluids

36
Q
  • Water
  • Alcohols
  • Occasionally other organic solvents
A

Vehicles used in Cavity Fluid

37
Q

Those specialized fluids used in addition to other embalming fluids or instead of another embalming fluid.

A

Accessory Fluids

38
Q
  • Pre-injection fluid
  • Co-injection fluid
  • Restorative fluid
  • Jaundice fluid
  • High index fluid
A

Types of Accessory Fluids

39
Q

Those chemical formulations that would be used to flush-out the circulatory system before the normal embalming fluid is injected arterially. Usually designed to prepare the circulatory system so as to enhace the ability of the embalming fluid to penetrate the tissues of the body.

A

Pre-Injection Fluids

40
Q
  • Surfactants
  • Water conditioning agents (anticoagulants)
  • Humectants
  • May contain very low concentrations of preservatives
A

Composition of Pre-Injection Fluids

41
Q

Must like pre-injection fluids in that they are used to prepare the circulatory system so as to enhance the ability of the embalming fluid to penetrate the tissues of the body.

  • Used in conjunction with arterial fluids
A

Co-Injection Fluids

42
Q
  • Surfactants
  • Water conditioning agents (anticoagulants)
  • Humectants
  • May contain very low concentrations of preservatives
A

Composition of Co-Injection Fluids

43
Q

Used to enhance the natural, life-like appearance of the body.

  • Usually mostly humectants used to retain the moisture in the body.
A

Restorative Fluids

44
Q

Special fluids used to minimize or reduce the effects of jaundice on the body while embalming.

  • Due to low concentration of preservatice, it may take quite a lot of arterial embalming solution to properly embalming a severely jaundiced case.
A

Jaundice Fluids

45
Q
  • Low concentrations of formaldehyde
  • Bleaching agents
  • Reducing agents
  • Dyes to counter the jaundice stains
A

Components of Jaundice Fluid

46
Q

Special preservative fluids used to meet a very high formaldehyde demand of certain embalming cases.

  • Edematous cases may require this fluid due to the excessive amount of moisture already in the tissues of the body.
  • Very high concentrations of formaldehyde, usually in the range of 30% to 40% of formaldehyde
A

High Index Fluids

47
Q

Those chemicals used to specifically embalm those areas of the body that can not be arterially injected in an autopsied body. Two general varieties:

  1. Solid hardening compounds
  2. Liquid-gel preparations
A

Autopsy Chemicals

48
Q

Solid autopsy chemicals used to treat the viscera and the cavities of an autopsied body.

A

Hardening Compounds

49
Q
  • Paraformaldehyde (preservative agent)
  • Aluminum chloride (dehydrating agent)
  • Alum (dehydrating agent)
  • Plaster of paris (dehydrating agent)
  • Some type of filler
    • Perlite
    • Vermiculite
    • Cellulose (or saw dust)
A

Components of Hardening Compounds

50
Q

Semi-solid so as to be able to be applied directly to tissue and expect it to remain attached because preservation is going to take place becuase of direct contact.

  • Very similar in composition to hardening compounds with the exception of fillers.
A

Liquid-Gel Preparations

51
Q

Chemicals which prevent or inhibit the formation of mold on the body surface.

  • Carbolated vaseline
  • Paradichlorobenzene
A

Mold Inhibitors

52
Q

May be applied to a body surface such as the face before applying the cosmetics to reduce the possibility of mold from forming on the body.

A

Carbolated Vaseline

53
Q

May be placed in the sealed casket to prevent mold from forming on the body.

  • Often done when casket is to be entombed
  • May also be a component of embalming powders.
A

Paradichlorobenzene

54
Q

How long the fluids will maintain its ability to serve its purpose when stored before use.

A

Shelf-Life of Embalming Fluids

55
Q
  • Temperature extremes
  • Storage length
  • Amount of methanol present
  • The pH of the solution
  • Exposure of light
A

Factors that Affect Shelf-Life

56
Q

Have an adverse affect on the dissolved formaldehyde in solution because they cause polymerization of the formaldehyde into paraformaldehyde which is solid and settles out of solution.

A

Extremes of Temperature

57
Q

Helps to reduce the polymerization of formaldehyde.

A

Presence of Methanol

58
Q

Causes the polymerization of many of the components of the fluid, especially formaldehyde.

  • Reduced by adding methanol
  • Even with inclusion of methanol, average shelf-life of embalming fluids is limited to between two and five years.
  • In time, even methanol is oxidized to formaldehyde
A

Storage Length

59
Q

Acidity or alkalinity of the solution. Formaldehyde can be readily oxidized to formic acid when there are shifts in the pH of the fluid.

  • Buffers help reduce this problem
A

pH of the Fluid

60
Q

Can cause the polymerization of the formaldehyde over an extended period of time. Some dyes may also be oxidized which would cause a change in the color of the fluid.

  • Reduced by methanol
A

Light

Mors 200 Final- Sciences (87 decks)

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