4th Unit / Ch 16, 17, 18 Class Notes Mixed

Question 1

Ketone Bodies

Where are they made and when are they made?

Answer 1

They are made in the liver, after long fasting.

They are induced by Glucagon, and produced by Lipolysis.

Question 2

Ketone Bodies

What do they not need for travel in the bloodstream?

When made by Lipolysis, whats the process?

Answer 2

Ketone bodies do not need Albumin to travel in the bloodstream. During Lipolysis, adipose tissues release fatty acids & glycerol into the blood stream to undergo Beta oxidation for energy.

Question 3

Beta Oxidation

What is this and what is produced?

Answer 3

When fatty acids and Glycerol are released into the bloodstream, they are used in Beta oxidation to create Oxyacytelate and Acytyl CoA

Question 4

Ketone Bodies by Pyruvate?

Answer 4

Pyruvate is broken into Oxyacytelate by

Pyruvate Carboxylase.

It is then reduced by NADH and driven to Malate.

Question 5

Where can Ketone bodies from Oxyacytelate and Acytl CoA enter?

Answer 5

TCA, the Krebs Cycle

Question 6

What happens in Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 6

Glucose cannot enter cells, there is no Insulin.

So no Oxyacytlate can be made.

Also no Pyruvate can be made without glucose in Glycolysis.

Question 7

How is 2 Aceytyl CoA made from Hepatic tissues?

What are the steps?

Answer 7

1st, B-Hydroxybutyrate by Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is made to

Acetoacetate, then by succiylCoA acetoacetate transferase is made to Acetoactyl CoA,

then with thiolase is made to

2 Aceytl Coa

Question 8

After several days of starving, the brain finally uses ketone bodies for energy. What happens and how does it progress to this?

Answer 8

After 4 days, it starts to increase uptake of ketone bodies as its shift gets less for glucose from the liver and gluconeogenesis.

After 1 week, the split is 50/50 on demand thru glucose and ketone bodies.

Question 9

What is Ketonemia?

How do you get it and what happens?

Answer 9

When you exceed too much ketone bodies in the blood. It is more severe in people with diabetes.

You check for ketonemia in urine

Too much leads to Ketosis, then acidosis.

Question 10

What happens in Lipolysis of Tricyglycerol in response to Hypoglecemia and stress?

Answer 10

hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids, causes a decrease in insulin, and an increase in epiniphrine and cortisol.

Question 11

Glycophospholipids

Triglycerides are simples fat consisting of?

What are complex fats made of?

Answer 11

1. Glycerol and alcohol
2. complex ones are of glycerol, alcohol and hydroxl groups.

Question 12

What is in the synthesis of Triacylglycerol?

Answer 12

Glycerol phosphate goes to

Lipophospatidic acid, then it goes to

Phosphatidic acid, then goes to

Diacylglycerol, which finally goes to

Triacylglycerol

Question 13

What are 2 large Glycerophospholipids?

Answer 13

Phoshatidylinositol and

Cardiolipin

Question 14

What is the co enzyme for complex lipid synthesis?

Answer 14

Cytidine Diphosphate ( CDP )

Question 15

Methionine and Adenosine come togather in a methylation reaction, but what is the methyl group donor?

Answer 15

5 adenosylmethionine

Question 16

Lung surficant is a extracellular fluid layer in the alveoli that reduces surface tension and prevents collapse. It also helps in gas exchange.

What happens if it goes down?

Answer 16

It will lead to respiratory distress of premature infants and ultimatly will lead to infant death.

Question 17

The structure of Phosphotidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate

allows what?

Answer 17

Allows lateral mobility on plasma membrane, allows specific proteins to covalently bond to form carbohydrate bridges.

Question 18

What is Glycerol Phoshotidylinositol (GP1) used as?

Answer 18

A membrane protein anchor.

Question 19

Paroxysmal noctural Hemoglobinuria

What is this?

Answer 19

When you have a decrease in Glycerol Phoshotidylinositol (GP1), leading to hemolytic disease. It will happen in sleep due to CO2 retention which will lower ph causing acidic buildup in blood.

Question 20

What can promote Phospholipid synthesis?

Answer 20

By activating Diacylglycerol or alchohol linked to a nucleoside diphosphate (CDP).

Question 21

Plasmalogen

an Esther Glycerophospholipid with saturated alkyl group with its ether linked to carbon 1 of of a glycerol.

What does this thing do?

Answer 21

It is a platelet activating factor PAF for coagulation

Question 22

Degradation of glycerophospolipids by phospholipases breaks it into 4 different kinds.

What are they?

Answer 22

Di and single lipids.

Question 23

Synthesis of Sphingosine Ceramide and Sphingomyclin

with vitamin B6 as cofactor

Answer 23

Acytlo CoA + Serine go to

Sphingosine, with (fatty accid CoA) goes to

Ceramide, with (choline CDP choline) goes to

Sphingomyelin

Question 24

What is the structure of neutral Glycosphinolipids & Galactocerebroside?

Answer 24

Galatose/polar head + Ceramide/hydrophobic tail

Question 25

What is 3 Phoshadenosine-5-phosphosfate PAPS?

Answer 25

a coenzyme donor of a sulfate groups

Question 26

What is the structure of Gangliside GM2 (acidic glycosphingolipid)

Answer 26

N-acetylgalactosamine

Glucose + Glucose + Ceramide

N-acetylneuraminic acid

= GM2