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anatomy and physiology ii > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

A
  • heart
  • arteries
  • capillaries
  • veins
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2
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

-mediastinum

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3
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A
  • the top of the heart where the vessels come out

- underneath the 2nd rib

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4
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

-the point of the heart that sits in the 5th intercostal space and on the diaphragm

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5
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

-a membrane that covers the heart

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6
Q

What are the different layers of the pericardium? Describe them.

A
  • fibrous pericardium: thick, dense, nonstretchable membrane which is attached at the diaphragm and vessels
  • serous pericardium: split into parietal and visceral, reduces friction, thin, moveable, and contains serous fluid
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7
Q

What is another name for the visceral serous pericardium?

A

-epicaridum

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardium?

A

-contains and protects the heart

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9
Q

Where is the pericardial space?

A

-in between the parietal and visceral layers

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10
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

-when there is a severe compression of the heart due to the buildup of fluid in the pericardial space

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11
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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12
Q

What is the epicardium actually?

A

-the outside layer of the heart that is actually the visceral serous pericardium

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13
Q

What makes up the myocardium?

A
  • muscle

- the main bulk of the heart

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14
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A
  • join branched muscle cells together

- gap junctions

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15
Q

What is syncytium?

A
  • the gap junction of the intercalated discs join in the cells into a single functional unit
  • when the heart acts as one unit because of I. Discs
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16
Q

What are trabeculae carneae?

A

-malice projections of the myocardium

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17
Q

What makes up heart valves?

A

-pockets and folds of the endocardium

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18
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • right and left atria

- right and left ventricles

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19
Q

What do the atria do?

A
  • receiving chambers from veins

- push blood into the ventricles

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20
Q

What do the ventricles do?

A
  • receiving chambers from the atria

- pump blood into the arteries

21
Q

What are auricles? Function?

A
  • a little pocket extension coming off of the atrium

- increases volume of the atrium

22
Q

How do the thickness of the atria and ventricles compare?

A
  • ventricles are thicker than atria

- left atrium and ventricle are thicker than right atrium and ventricle

23
Q

What are the names of the valves?

A
  • right: tricuspid (three flaps)
  • left: bicuspid (mitral) (two flaps)
  • semilunar: aortic and pulmonary
24
Q

What is the purpose of the valves?

A

-permit flow of blood in one direction only

25
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

-anchors each free edge of flap from the AV valves to the ventricles

26
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A

-tendinous chords that connect the flaps of the valves to the papillary muscles

27
Q

What is the purpose of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae?

A

-prevents the cusps from pushing backward into the atria

28
Q

What is the skeleton of the heart? Function?

A
  • fibrous structure that supports the heart valves and serves as a point of attachment of cardiac muscles
  • electrical barrier between the myocardium of the atria and the myocardium of the ventricles
29
Q

What are you hearing when you listen to the heart sounds?

A

-the opening and closing of the valves

30
Q

What vessels supply oxygenated blood to the heart? Where do they come from?

A
  • the pulmonary veins

- from the lungs

31
Q

What drains the deoxygenated blood? Where does it drain?

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
  • they all drain blood into the right atrium
32
Q

What is the nerve supply to the heart?

A
  • autorhythmic
  • can generate its own action potentials
  • but it is still influenced by the body
33
Q

What is the conductions pathway of the heart?

A
  • SA Node
  • AV Node
  • AV Bundle
  • R and L Bundle branches
  • Purkinije fibers
34
Q

What is an ECG?

A

-electrical activity of the heart

35
Q

What are the waves of an ECG? What does each represent?

A
  • p wave: atrial depolarization
  • qrs complex: ventricular depolarization
  • t wave: ventricular repolarization
  • pr interval: beginning of atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization
  • st segment: plateau phase of ventricular fibers
  • qt interval: duration of ventricular depolarization to repolarization
36
Q

What is atrial systole? What is occurring?

A
  • depolarization of the SA node that causes atrial depolarization (before the actual contraction of the atrium)
  • P wave
37
Q

What valves open and what valves close in atrial systole?

A
  • AV valves are open

- semilunar valves are closed

38
Q

What is ventricular systole? What heart sound does it represent?

A
  • AV valves closing

- lub or s1

39
Q

What valves are open and what valves are closed in ventricular systole?

A
  • open: none

- closed: all

40
Q

What is ejection?

A

-ventricular pressure continues and will eventually surpass aortic and pulmonary (semilunar) valve pressure

41
Q

What valves are open and what valves are closed during ejection?

A
  • open: semilunar

- closed: av valves

42
Q

What is residual volume?

A

-amount of blood that remains in the ventricles at the end of ejection

43
Q

What is ventricular diastole? What heart sound does it represent?

A
  • begins with ventricular relaxation
  • period between closure of SL and opening of AV
  • dub of s2
44
Q

What is passive ventricular filling?

A
  • eventually, atrial pressure will exceed ventricular pressure causing AV valves to open
  • aka diastasis
45
Q

What are the four heart sounds?

A
  • s1: lub; closure of AV valves
  • s2: dub; closure of SL valves
  • s3: ventricular filling
  • s4: atrial systole
46
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit? What is the pump for it?

A
  • carries deoxy. blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxy. blood back to the heart
  • right ventricle
47
Q

What is the systemic circuit? What is the pump for it?

A
  • carries oxy. blood away from the heart to the body and returns deoxy. blood back to the heart
  • left ventricle
48
Q

Where do the coronary arteries run? What are the important branches of each?

A
  • run on top of divisions between chambers
  • right coronary artery: posterior interventricular artery (between right atrium/ventricle)
  • left coronary artery: anterior interventricular artery (between ventricles) and circumflex artery (between left atrium/ventricle)

anatomy and physiology ii (19 decks)

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