Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYO 1022 > Personality II (Ch 13) > Flashcards

Personality II (Ch 13) Flashcards

1
Q

5 distinct theoretical explanations:

A 
Psychoanalysis
Humanism
Social-cognitive
Trait theory
Biological theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychoanalytic theories

A

-unconscious mind is the most powerful force in personality
-3 layers: unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Unconscious layer

A
  • contains all drives, urges, instincts and motivates most of our speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions
  • only revealed to us through slip of tongue and dreams
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Provinces/regions of mind (Freud)

A
  • Id: seat of impulse and desire; sole function to seek pleasure. Operates on “do it” principle to seek pleasure
  • Ego: in direct contact with outside world and operates on “reality principle.” Makes realistic attempt to obtain pleasure
  • superego: monitors and controls behaviour. “Stands over us” and evaluates action sin terms of right and wrong; it is our conscious. Operates on “moralistic principle”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Defence mechanisms

A
  • a way to protect the mind from harmful, threatening, and anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, or impulses
  • all defence mechanisms share 2 quality: (1) they operate unconsciously; (2) they deny and distort reality in some way
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Repression

A
  • most basic defence mechanism
  • unconscious act of keeping threatening or disturbing thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness
  • most likely sexual and aggressive impulses
  • may be disguised or distorted and reveal themselves through dreams, slips of tongue, and neurotic behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reaction formation

A
  • occurs when an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse is turned into its opposite
  • results in exaggerated or compulsive behaviour and feelings
  • eg. Homophobia sometimes explained by certain individuals being insecure of their own sexuality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sublimation

A
  • expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable way
  • Freud believed that unfulfilled sexual desires drive creative output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Psychosexual stage theory

A
  • theory that adult personality traits stem from early childhood experiences
  • sexual feelings key to each stage of personality development
  • as we move through each stage, a different region of our body is most erogenous
  • 4 major stages: oral, anal, phallic, genital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oral stage of psychosexual development

A
  • 0-18 months
  • pleasure comes from mouth, sucking, biting, chewing
  • fixations may results in smoking and sarcasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anal psychosexual stage

A
  • 18-36 months
  • pleasure comes from anus and bowels, bladder and elimination
  • fixations may result in obsessive and compulsive cleaning behaviours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phallic stage of psychosexual theory

A
  • 3-6 years
  • pleasure comes from the genitals (self-focused) and attraction for opposite sex parent
  • fixations may result in attraction to people like one’s opposite sex parent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Latency stage of psychosexual theory

A
  • 6-puberty

- no applicable pleasure centre, sexual feelings remain latent and dormant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Genital phase of psychosexual theory

A
  • puberty and up
  • pleasure comes from the genitals (self and other focused) and mature sexual behaviour
  • fixations may result in immature sexuality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Oedipal complex

A
  • desire for opposite sex parent, and hostility toward the same sex parent
  • resolved by identifying with their same sex parents and choosing to be more like them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fixation (psychosexual theory)

A

-defence mechanisms whereby a person continues to be concerned and even preoccupied with an earlier stage of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adler

A
  • humans naturally strive to overcome their inherent inferiorities or deficiencies, both physical and psychological
  • striving for superiority is major Drive behind behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Compensation (Adler)

A
  • people attempt to compensate for their feelings or weakness or inferiority
  • some develop and unhealthy need to dominate or upstage other as a way of compensating for feelings of inferiority
  • this is called inferiority complex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Carl Jung

A

-unconscious has 2 distinct forms: personal and collective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Personal unconscious

A

-consists of our repressed and hidden thoughts, feelings, and motives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Collective unconscious

A
  • consists of shared experiences of our ancestors
  • God, mother, life, death, water, earth, aggression, survival etc
  • collective unconscious is made up of archetypes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Archetypes

A
  • ancient or archaic images that result from common ancestral experiences and show up most often in dream, fantasies, hallucinations, myths, and religious themes
  • shadow, anima, animus
  • shadow: dark and morally questionable
  • anima/animus: female/male part of personality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Karen Horney

A
  • social/cultural forces
  • psychoanalytic social theory
  • neurosis stems from basic hostility and basic anxiety
  • basic hostility: anger or rage that originates in childhood and stems from fear of being neglected or rejected by parents
  • basic anxiety: a feeling of being isolated and helpless in a world conceived as potentially hostile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Basic anxiety

A
  • not itself neurotic, can give rise to normal behaviours or in some people neurotic behaviours
  • 3 neurotic trends/needs:
    1. Moving toward others (compliant personality: clinging to other people, belittling oneself)
    2. Moving against others (aggressive personality: competing against others, prone to hostility and anger)
    3. Moving away from others (detached personality: not responding emotionally, commitment shy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Humanistic-Positive psychology

A
  • humans are naturally interested in realizing their full potential
  • two major influencers: Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Maslow

A
  • self-actualization: people inherent drive to realize their fullest potential
  • defined set of characteristics that he believed to be more common in self-actualizing people
  • 5 of these are: spontaneity, problem-centred, creativity, interpersonal relations, and resistance to enculturation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Carl Rogers

A

-developed unique form of psychotherapy based on the assumption that people naturally strive toward growth and fulfillment and need unconditionally positive regard for that to happen

28
Q

Unconditional positive regard (Rogers)

A
  • ability to respect and appreciate another person unconditionally
  • separate person from behaviour to do this
29
Q

Conditions of worth

A
  • to love people only when they do things that we want and like is to love them conditionally
  • as people become more and more responsive to conditional positive regard, they run the risk of becoming the type of person others want them to be
  • pose barrier to self-actualization
  • real self vs ideal self
30
Q

Congruence of real and ideal self

A

-the more the ideal self overlaps with the real self, the more fulfilled and happier the person is

31
Q

Albert Bandura

A
  • argues that 3 factors influence our personality:
    1. Internal personal factors (cognitive characteristics)
    2. The environment
    3. Our behaviour
  • terms the give and take relationship between factors the reciprocal determinism
32
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

-personality determined by interaction between environment, personal factors, and behaviour

33
Q

Self-efficacy

A
  • a persons beliefs about their ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes
  • can impact individuals level of accomplishment and well-being
  • impacts types of tasks people engage in, how long they spend on given tasks, and effort put in
34
Q

Walter Mischel

A
  • people respond to different situations differently, producing unique personality-situation profiles
  • social-cognitive theory advantage is that it has been tested under scientific conditions
35
Q

Trait theories

A

-assumes that traits or disposition are the major force behind personality

36
Q

Gordon Allport

A
  • tried to figure out how many personality traits existed
  • if a word existed for a trait, it must be important enough
  • went through dictionary and found 18,000 words that described traits
  • narrowed down to 4,000
37
Q

Raymond Cattell (personality)

A
  • had thousands of people rate themselves on characteristic then used a statistical tool (factor analysis) to look for groupings and commonalities
  • identified 16 source traits that underlie human personality
  • athlete vs artist profiles
38
Q

Big-5 or Five-factor

A

-the 5 dimensions are:

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion 
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
39
Q

Openness to experience

A

How interested in new experiences or new ideas someone is

How imaginative, original, curious etc

40
Q

Conscientiousness

A

How planned, organized, orderly, hard-working, controlled, preserve ring, punctual and ambitious someone is

41
Q

Extraversion

A

How social, talkative, active, outgoing, confident, and fun-loving is someone

42
Q

Agreeableness

A

How friendly, warm, trusting, generous, and good-natured someone is

43
Q

Neuroticism

A

How anxious, worrying, tense, emotional and high strung someone is

44
Q

Culture and personality

A
  • compared ratings of self-reports to people within specific countries
  • research found that self-reports did NOT match the cultural stereotypes
  • eg. Canadians aren’t actually more agreeable and less neurotic than other cultures despite popular belief
45
Q

National character

A

Shared perceptions of personality characteristics of citizens of a particular country

46
Q

Basic tendencies

A
  • the big 5 personality dimensions along with talent, aptitude, and cognitive abilities
  • have their origin in biological forces
47
Q

Biological theories

A

-assume that differences in personality are partly based in differences in structures and systems in the central nervous system, such as genetics, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

48
Q

Eysenck

A
  • proposed 3 rather than 5 fundamental dimensions of personality
  • neuroticism, extraversion and psychoticism (combination of openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness)
  • combination of genes, neurochemistry and characteristic of CNS
  • differences in DNA create a different level of arousal and sensitivity to stimulation
  • cognitive-perceptual learning differences lead to difference in social behaviours
49
Q

Cortical arousal

A
  • how active the brain is at resting state and how sensitive it is to stimulation
  • connection between cortical arousal and some personality traits (extraversion)
  • having a higher baseline level of cortical arousal, introverts require lower stimulus level to arouse them and reach comfort zone
50
Q

4 methods of measuring personality

A
  • behavioural observation
  • interviewing
  • projective tests
  • questionnaires
51
Q

Behavioural observation

A
  • observe behaviour and count specific number of behaviours that are associated with particular traits
  • do not depend on people’s view of themselves
  • direct and relatively objective
  • costly and time-consuming
  • not all personality traits can be observed by other people (anxiety/depression)
52
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

-if 2 or more raters are to accurately rate and agree upon their rating

53
Q

Interviewing

A
  • most natural and comfortable
  • advantage of open-ended nature
  • can be difficult to score
54
Q

Projective tests

A
  • present ambitious stimulus or situation to participants and ask them to give their interpretation of or tell a story about what they see.
  • techniques based on the assumption that unconscious wishes, thoughts, and motives will be projected onto the task
  • most widely used are inkblot test and thematic apperception test
55
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A
  • series of ambiguous ink blots are presented one at a time, and the participant is asked to say what they see
  • coded by human and non-human movement
  • help diagnose certain disorders (depression, pedophilia, PTSD)
56
Q

Thematic apperception test

A
  • series of hand-drawn cards depicting simple ambiguous scenes
  • participant must make up story to describe what is happening
57
Q

Personality questionnaires

A
  • consist of individual statements or items
  • respondents indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree
  • questions based on either rational or empirical method
58
Q

Rational/Face valid method of questionnaire

A
  • involves using reason or theory to come up with a question
  • eg. To test for anxiety might ask “I feel anxious much of the time”
  • taken at face value
  • participants might give socially desirable or false answers rather than honest ones
59
Q

Empirical method of questionnaire

A
  • focuses simply on whether a question distinguishes groups it is supposed to distinguish
  • eg. The statement “i prefer baths to showers” distinguishes anxious from non-anxious people
  • Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (assesses degree of depression, paranoia etc)
  • California personality inventory (measure of non-pathological or normal personality traits such as sociability, dominance, self-control)
60
Q

Personality + career and college majors

A

-used MPQ to assess whether personality scores can accurately predict majors/careers

61
Q

Personality-environment fit and job performance

A
  • how well a person matches to their job/work environment
  • weed out people who might behave counterproductively
  • can also predict how long people will stay in their jobs
  • people high in agreeableness and openness are more likely to switch jobs more frequently
62
Q

Does personality change over time?

A
  • high levels of stability of personality traits
  • genetics contribute to the personality consistency we see from adolescence to adulthood
  • environmental factors contribute to both stability and changes in personality traits
63
Q

Typical personality changes across lifespan

A
  • in general, people become steadily more agreeable and conscientious from adolescence to late adulthood
  • become more assertive/dominant and emotionally stable from adolescence to adulthood and then level off
  • people become more social and open from adolescence to early adulthood
  • traits level off in adulthood and then decline into old age
64
Q

Parenting and personality changes

A
  • affects women differently, depending on their evaluation of motherhood
  • if she likes being a parent, having a child led to increase in flexibility, self esteem, adjustment, resourcefulness and control
  • opposite occurred if she doesnt like being a mother
  • self-esteem goes down and irritability goes up in mothers but not fathers
  • having child with differing temperament affects father but not mothers anxiety
65
Q

Brain injury and personality change

A

-children and adults who suffer brain injury often lose ability to control impulses, are socially inappropriate, have a temper, and are more prone to anger

66
Q

Alzheimer’s disease and personality change

A
  • neuroticism increases and openness and conscientiousness decrease after the onset of Alzheimer’s
  • no change in agreeableness
  • become less kind, generous, enthusiastic and self-reliant and more irritable

PSYO 1022 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions