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Honors Physics > Midterm 4: Waves and Mirrors > Flashcards

Midterm 4: Waves and Mirrors Flashcards

1
Q

Wave

A

a traveling disturbance that transmits energy (travels through a medium)

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2
Q

pulse

A

a single disturbance

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3
Q

periodic wave

A

regular repeating disturbance

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4
Q

what are the 4 types of waves

A

longitudinal, transverse, mechanical, and electromagnetic (EM)

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5
Q

longitudinal wave

A

the vibrating disturbance is parallel to the direction of travel of the wave

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6
Q

exs of longitudinal wave

A

sound, seismic wave (p-wave)

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7
Q

transverse wave

A

vibration is at right angles to the direction of travel of the wave

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8
Q

exs of transverse wave

A

electromagnetic (EM) wave, seismic wave (s-wave), wave on a rope/spring

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9
Q

mechanical wave

A

requires a medium to travel through

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10
Q

exs of mechanical wave

A

sound, seismic

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11
Q

medium

A

the matter through which a wave travels

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12
Q

electromagnetic (EM) wave

A

don’t require a medium to travel through

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13
Q

exs of electromagnetic (EM) wave

A

light, x-rays, radio

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14
Q

sound

A

longitudinal compression waves

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15
Q

visible light

A

transverse wave

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16
Q

frequency(f)

A

of disturbances per second

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17
Q

what are the units of frequency

A

hertz

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18
Q

what are the units of period

A

seconds

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19
Q

period (T)

A

the time it takes for one wave to pass by a given point

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20
Q

amplitude (A)

A

max. vertical displacement from rest position.

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21
Q

what determines the energy of a wave

A

amplitude

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22
Q

crest (peak)

A

the highest point above the equilibrium position

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23
Q

trough

A

the lowest point below the equilibrium position

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24
Q

wavelength(λ)

A

the distance from crest to crest or from trough to trough

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25
Q

what are the units for wavelength

A

meter (m)

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26
Q

what is the property of velocity

A

the direction of the velocity of a wave is always the same as the direction of propagation of the wave

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27
Q

phase

A

points on a wave with the same displacement from the baseline and velocity

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28
Q

in phase

A

when peaks of one wave align with the peaks of the others

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29
Q

out of phase

A

when peaks of one wave align with the troughs of the other

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30
Q

refraction

A

the change in the characteristics of a wave when it goes from one medium to another

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31
Q

properties that change for refraction

A

wavelength, velocity, direction, and amplitude

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32
Q

properties that stay the same for refraction

A

frequency and period

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33
Q

in the new medium, what happens if the wave travels faster

A

wavelength increases

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34
Q

in the new medium, what happens if the wave travels slower

A

wavelength decreases

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35
Q

what does the degree to which the properties of a wave change when it passes from one medium to another depend on

A

relative speed of the wave in the two media

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36
Q

index of refraction and formula

A

For light waves, the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium

n= c/v

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37
Q

the index of refraction is always greater than or equal to?

A

1

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38
Q

Snell’s law (aka law of refraction) and formula

A

describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction when a wave passes through a boundary between two different media

n1 sin(theta 1) = n2 sin (theta 2)

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39
Q

reflection

A

occurs when a wave bounces off the boundary btw. 2 media

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40
Q

what changes when reflection occurs?

A

amplitude and direction

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41
Q

what happens to pulse during a reflection off a fixed end

A

pulse is inverted when it’s reflected

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42
Q

what happens to pulse during a reflection off a loose end

A

pulse isn’t inverted

43
Q

diffraction

A

bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening

44
Q

what changes during a diffraction

A

direction (edge of the obstacle bends the wave)

45
Q

what affects the amount of diffraction?

A
  1. wavelength/frequency of wave (lower frequency(longer wavelength)=more diffraction 2. size of the opening/obstacle (smaller opening=more diffraction)
46
Q

what would produce more diffraction

A

greater diff. btw. size of opening and wavelength

47
Q

true or false: waves travel through each other or occupy the same space at the same time

A

true

48
Q

interference

A

addition (superposition) of two or more waves that results in a new wave pattern

49
Q

Constructive Interference

A

occurs when the interfering waves are in phase; pulses add together to form a pulse with greater amplitude

50
Q

Destructive Interference

A

occurs when the interfering waves are out of phase; pulses subtract from each to form a pulse with smaller amplitude

51
Q

Standing waves (aka stationary waves)

A

waves that remain in a constant position

52
Q

when are standing waves produced

A

whenever two waves of identical frequency traveling opposite directions along the same medium interfere with one another

53
Q

exs of standing wave

A

a musical note vibrating a guitar string, or the air inside a flute

54
Q

what are standing wave patterns characterized by

A

nodes and antinodes

55
Q

nodes

A

certain fixed points along the medium which undergo no displacement

56
Q

antinodes

A

points of maximum oscillations

57
Q

resonance

A

When the frequency of the standing wave matches the natural frequency of the object that it’s vibrating

58
Q

what effect does resonance have on the standing wave

A

causes the standing wave to be amplified

59
Q

conditions for resonance

A

case 1: - Both ends of the medium are nodes or both ends are anti-nodes (ex: guitar string, or a pipe open at both ends) - In order for resonance to occur, the length of the medium must be an integer multiple of half wavelength of the wave case 2: - One end of the medium is a node and the other is an ant-node (ex: a pipe closed at one end) - In order for resonance to occur, the length of the medium must be an odd integer multiple of one quarter wavelength of the wave

60
Q

how many number of frequencies can resonate in one medium

A

an infinite number

61
Q

fundamental frequency (f1)

A

the lowest possible frequency aka 1st harmonic

62
Q

harmonic series

A

The set of higher frequencies that can resonate on a given medium

63
Q

doppler effect

A

the change in the apparent frequency of a wave as the observer and the source of the wave move towards or away from each other

64
Q

ex. of doppler effect

A

the apparent change in the frequency of a moving ambulance siren; a shift in the color of light seen from distant starts moving away from the earth

65
Q

properties of a source moving towards you

A

higher frequency and shorter wavelength

66
Q

properties of a source moving away from you

A

lower frequency and longer wavelength

67
Q

incident ray

A

ray as it approaches the reflective surface

68
Q

reflected ray

A

incident ray hits the surface, bounces off at the same angle.

69
Q

light is a?

A

wave that can be reflected

70
Q

how does light travel

A

in a straight line

71
Q

law of reflection

A

when a ray reflects off a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

72
Q

specular reflection

A

reflection off flat, smooth surfaces such as mirrors or water, where light from a single incoming direction (ray) is reflected into a single outgoing direction. AKA parallel incident rays produce parallel reflected rays

73
Q

diffuse reflection

A

reflection off of a non-smooth surface such as the cover of a book where rays reflect in various direction. AKA parallel incident rays produce reflected rays in diff. directions.

74
Q

where do images occur in a plane mirror?

A

at the intersection of reflected rays

75
Q

draw the fundamental frequency and harmonics for both cases of resonance.

A
76
Q

convergent rays

A

When the rays of light coming from different directions meet at a point

77
Q

divergent rays

A

When the rays of light starting from a point travel in different directions

78
Q

describe the image formed by a plane mirror

A

behind the mirror, the same size as the object, virtual (unreal), same distance from the mirror as the object, laterally inverted(sideways reversal of left and right)

79
Q

what does the mirror length need to be in order to see your full image?

A

1/2 your height

80
Q

what is a concave spherical mirror also referred to as and what is a convex spherical mirror also referred to as ?

A

a converging mirror; a diverging mirror

81
Q

convex spherical mirror

A

a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward the light source. Convex mirrors reflect light outwards, therefore they are not used to focus light. Such mirrors always form a virtual image, since the focal point (F) and the centre of curvature (2F) are both imaginary points “inside” the mirror, that cannot be reached. As a result, images formed by these mirrors cannot be projected on a screen, since the image is inside the mirror. The image is smaller than the object, but gets larger as the object approaches the mirror.

82
Q

when are object and image distances positive/negative?

A

positive when they form on the front side of the mirror and negative when they form on the back side of the mirror

83
Q

center of curvature

A

center of the spherical shell of which the mirror is a small part

represented by C

84
Q

radius of curvature

A

distance from the mirror’s surface and the center of curvature

represented by R

85
Q

object distance

A

distance between the object and the mirror

represented by P or d(sub o)

86
Q

image distance

A

distance between the image and the object

represented by q or d(sub i)

87
Q

focal length

A

half of the radius of curvature

represented by f

88
Q

principal axis

A

perpendicular to the surface and divides the mirror in half (goes through the center of curvature)

89
Q

ray diagram

A

a drawing used to locate an image formed by a mirror

90
Q

for spherical mirrors, how many kind of reference rays are there and what are they?

A

3

  1. incident ray is parallel to the principal axis and the reflected ray goes through the focal length (f)
  2. incident ray goes through the focal point (f) and the reflected ray is parallel to the principal axis
  3. incident ray goes through the center of curvature (c) and the reflected ray goes back through the center of curvature
91
Q

for spherical mirrors, how do you locate the image?

A

the intersection of any 2 rays

92
Q

mirror equation

A

1/object distance + 1/image distance = 1/focal length

93
Q

magnification equation

A

M= image height/object heigt = -image distance/object distance

94
Q

concave spherical mirror or converging spherical mirror

A

has a reflecting surface that bulges inward (away from the incident light). Concave mirrors reflect light inward to one focal point. They are used to focus light. Unlike convex mirrors, concave mirrors show different image types depending on the distance between the object and the mirror.

These mirrors are called “converging mirrors” because they tend to collect light that falls on them, refocusing parallel incoming rays toward a focus. This is because the light is reflected at different angles, since the normal to the surface differs with each spot on the mirror.

95
Q

what are the 5 cases for concave mirrors?

A
  1. object is located beyond c: image is inverted, reduced, real, and between c and f
  2. object located at c: image is real, inverted, same size, and is at the center of curvature
  3. object is between c & f: image is real, inverted, larger, and beyond the center of curvature
  4. object is located at f: no image is formed
  5. object is located in front of the mirror: image is upright, magnified, behind the mirror, and virtual
96
Q

what are the properties of a convex spherical mirror?

A

the image distance is negative, virtual, upright, focal length is negative, focal point and center of curvature are behind the mirror’s surface, magnification is always less than 1

97
Q

Sign Conventions for Magnification?

A
98
Q

how are reflection and refraction different?

A

unlike reflection, refraction depends on the media through which the light rays are traveling.

99
Q

velocity formula for waves

A

v = (d/t) = (wavelength/T) = wavelength x f

100
Q

rarefaction

A

regions where the air particles are spread apart( low air pressure)

101
Q

compression

A

regions in the air where the air particles are compressed together (high air pressure)

102
Q

doppler affect formula

A
103
Q
A

Honors Physics (3 decks)

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