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Step 1 (Steffanie) > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Protein A

A

Virulence factor in peptidoglycan cell wall of Staph aureus that binds the Fc portion of IgG, leading to impaired complement activation, opsonization, and phagocytosis.

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2
Q

How to visualize Cryptococcus neoformans

A

India ink staining - stains background black and allows thick polysaccharide capsule of yeast to be visualized

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3
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis presentation

A

Slowly worsening headache, fever, lethargy in immunocompromised individual

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4
Q

Treatment for cryptococcal meningitis

A

Amphotericin B and flucytosine for initial treatment. Long term maintenance with fluconazole

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5
Q

CSF findings in cryptococcus meningitis

A

low glucose, increased protein, mild pleocytosis with predominance of lymphocytes

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6
Q

Which drug is used to treat trichomonas vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis?

A

Metronidazole

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7
Q

What is the major virulence factor among E. coli strains that cause neonatal meningitis?

A

K1 capsular antigen

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8
Q

Describe the identifying qualities of Strep pneumo

A

Gram +, alpha hemolytic, optochin-sensitive, bile soluble, lancet shaped diplococci

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of vancomycin resistance in organisms such as VRE?

A

Substitution of D-lactate in the place of D-alanine during the process of peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis. This prevents vancomycin from binding to its usual D-alanyl-D-alanine binding site

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10
Q

What are CMV related complications observed in infants exposed in utero?

A

Chorioretinitis, sensorineural deafness, seizures, jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and microcephaly

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11
Q

Acute rheumatic fever presentation

A

Migratory arthritis, new onset murmur, fever, and positive antistreptolysin O titer

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12
Q

Primary cause of morbidity in acute rheumatic fever?

A

Heart failure from severe pancarditis

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13
Q

Adenovirus

A

Self limiting, year round infection that causes acute onset of fever, cough, congestion, pharyngitis, and conjunctivitis. Outbreaks among those living in close quarters

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14
Q

Name the viruses with segmented genomes

A

Orthomyxoviruses, reoviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses

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15
Q

Describe parvovirus B19

A

Nonenveloped single-tranded DNA virus

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16
Q

What infections are transmitted by the Ixodes tick?

A

Babesiosis and Lyme disease

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17
Q

What is found in tissue samples of patients infected with Coccidioides immitis

A

Spherules containing endospores

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18
Q

Coccidioides immitis infection

A

Asymptomatic or can cause pulmonary disease ranging from flu-like illness to chronic pneumonia. Disseminated disease in immunocompromised

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19
Q

What diseases are transmitted by Ixodes ticks?

A

Babesiosis and Lyme disease

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20
Q

What is the presentation of babesiosis?

A

Acute febrile illness, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, abnormal liver fxn tests, and intraerythrocytic inclusions

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21
Q

Describe severe babesiosis. Who is at increased risk?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome - dyspnea, coarse crackles, bilateral infiltrates. Increased risk in splenectomy patients

22
Q

What microbes primarily account for central venous catheter infections?

A

Gram positive cocci, primarily coagulase-negative staphylococci and staphylococcus aureus

23
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis presentation

A

In immunocompetent individials - lung infection or flu like illness. In immunocompromised - causes disseminated disease with fever, weight loss, night sweats, cough, dyspnea, skin lesions, and bone pain

24
Q

Large yeast with a single, broad based bud

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

25
Q

Where is Blastomyces dermatitidis found?

A

In the southeastern United States in soil and rotten organic matter

26
Q

Which organism causing gastroenteritis has a low number of organisms required to cause disease?

A

Shigella. As few as 10-500 cells can cause infection

27
Q

Most common cause of aseptic meningitis

A

Enteroviruses

28
Q

What do viridans streptococci produce?

A

Dextrans - aid in colonizing host surfaces, such as dental enamel and heart valves

29
Q

The only pathogenic fungus with a polysaccharide capsule

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

30
Q

Describe appearance of Cryptococcus neoformans with staining

A

Appears red on mucicarmine stain and as a clear unstained zone with Indian ink

31
Q

Replication of Hepatitis B genome

A

Occurs within a newly synthesized capsid through the action of reverse transcriptase on an RNA template. Mature capsid contains partially double-stranded circular DNA and reverse transcriptase

32
Q

Tumbling motility, gram + rod

A

Listeria

33
Q

Bartonella henselae

A

Causes cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and culture negative endocarditis

34
Q

What does Haemophilus influenzae require to grow

A

X factor (hematin) and V factor (NAD+)

35
Q

Describe H influnzae

A

Gram negative coccobacillus. Type b has an antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule, which allows it to spread hematogenously and cause invasive disease such as septic arthritis and meningitis

36
Q

Treatment for Enterobius vermicularis (Enterobiasis)

A

Albendazole

37
Q

Major pathogen in burn patients

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

38
Q

Antibiotics for Pseudomonas

A

Ticarcillin, piperacillin, ceftazidime, cefepime

39
Q

What are the atypical lymphocytes observed in peripheral blood smears of pts with mono?

A

Activated CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. They fxn to destroy virally infected B lymphocytes

40
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Acquired via contact with freshwater sources that contain snails infected with Schistosoma larvae

41
Q

Which bacteria produce IgA protease?

A

Neisseria meningitidis, N gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.

42
Q

What is the function of IgA protease?

A

Cleaves secretory IgA at its hinge region, rendering it ineffective and facilitating mucosal adherence of bacteria

43
Q

West Nile virus

A

Single-strand flavivirus. Asymptomatic or flu-like illness often with a maculopapular or morbilliform rash

44
Q

Describe manifestation of neuroinvasive West Nile virus

A

Meningitis, encephalitis, or asymmetric flaccid paralysis. Pts may have parkinsonian features

45
Q

Secondary dengue virus infection

A

Due to infection with a different viral serotype and usually causes a more severe illness

46
Q

Dengue viruses

A

Single-stranded RNA viruses with 4 different serotypes

47
Q

Parvovirus B19

A

nonenveloped single stranded DNA virus

48
Q

Pseudomonal exotoxin A and diphtheria toxin mechanism

A

Ribosylating and inactivating EF-2, inhibiting host cell protein synthesis and causing cell death

49
Q

CMV

A

Enveloped double stranded DNA virus

50
Q

Treatment for enterobiasis

A

Albendazole

Step 1 (Steffanie) (21 decks)

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