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ap psych > 6th reason > Flashcards

6th reason Flashcards

1
Q

Proponent of sociocultural theory who introduced the concepts of zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

lev vygotsky

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2
Q

Developed a well-known stage theory of cognitive development, involving a progression of four distinct stages

A

jean plaget

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3
Q

a psychoanalyst known for identifying psychosocial developmental stages

A

erik erikson

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4
Q

the behaviorist most responsible for developing operant conditioning theory

A

carol gilligan

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5
Q

developed a theory of moral development involving three distinct stages of moral reasoning

A

lawrence kohlberg

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6
Q

known for his contribution to the field of observational learning, including his famous Bobo doll experiment on aggression

A

albert bandura

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7
Q

known for her research on four types of parenting styles

A

diana baumrind

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8
Q

developed the Strange Situation and attachment theory

A

mary ainsworth

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9
Q

conducted naturalistic observations of geese and other animals and discovered a simple form of attachment known as imprinting

A

Konrad Lorenz

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10
Q

conducted research on rhesus monkeys, discovering they prefer contact to food acquisition, which was influential for attachment theory

A

harry harlow

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11
Q

Emphasizes behavior is determined by your past experiences that are left in the unconscious mind and childhood experiences

A

psychodynamic

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12
Q

Links between genetics and environment

A

biopsychosocial eclectic

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13
Q

innate biological factors that influence development and personality

A

nature

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14
Q

external and environmental factors including learning, that influence development and personality

A

nurture

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15
Q

Study follows the same group of people over a period of time from months to many years in order to evaluate changes in those individuals

A

longitudinal

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16
Q

Type of study in which people of different ages are examined at the same time(s)

A

cross-sectional

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17
Q

Individuals in a
cross-sectional sample are tested more than once over a specified period of time

A

cross-sequential

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18
Q

the process of development from concept to birth

A

gestation

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19
Q

the first stage of gestation, which lasts about 2 weeks, in which the zygote migrates from the Fallopian tube to implant itself in the uterine wall

A

germinal stage

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20
Q

the __ stage of gestation, which lasts about 6 weeks, in which cells begin to differentiate and organs begin to develop

A

embryonic stage (2nd stage)

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21
Q

the ___ stage of gestation, which lasts about 7 months, in which the fetus gains increased mobility and develops rapidly

A

fetal stage (final stage)

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22
Q

Any non genetic agent that produces birth defects at exposures that commonly occur

A

teratogen

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23
Q

includes physical, cognitive, and psychological abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol during pregnancy

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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24
Q

Genetic growth tendencies are inborn, determined by genetic makeup

A

maturation

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25
Q

the tendency for an infant to move its mouth toward any object that touches its cheek

A

rooting reflex

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26
Q

the outstretching of the arms and legs in response to a loud noise or a sudden change in the environment

A

moro reflex

27
Q

the projection of the big toe and the fanning of the other toes when the sole of the foot is touched, found only in infants

A

babinski reflex

28
Q

infants explore, display high stranger anxiety, easy to calm/enthusiastic on return to the caregiver

A

secure attachment

29
Q

infants explore, low stranger anxiety, unconcerned by separation and avoid contact at return of caregiver

A

Avoidant (Insecure) Attachment

30
Q

unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by separation and seek and reject contact on return of the caregiver

A

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

31
Q

attachment style for an infant who shows no consistent pattern of response when its caregiver is present or absent

A

Disorganized Attachment

32
Q

an individual’s characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity

A

temperament

33
Q

Range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working along with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children

A

zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

34
Q

Process in which a more skilled learner, gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

A

scaffolding

35
Q

the set of physiologiclal
characteristics, including chromoosomal composition, hormones, and genitalia, that individuals are born with that determine if they are male, female or intersex

A

biological sex

36
Q

individuals whose gender identity does not align with their sex at birth

A

transgender

37
Q

The individual’s sense
(psychological) of being male or female, both, or neither from cultural and social expectations

A

gender identity

38
Q

Set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender

A

gender roles

39
Q

beginning at 4 months, vocalizes various sounds “ba-ba-ba”

A

babbling stage

40
Q

ages one and two, child speaks mostly in single words “Car”

A

one-word stage

41
Q

Inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own

A

egocentrism

42
Q

the understanding that human behavior is guided by mental representations of the world, and that the world appears differently to different people

A

theory of mind

43
Q

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

A

conservation

44
Q

(from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

A

concrete operational stage

45
Q

(normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

A

formal operational stage

46
Q

what did piaget said about cognitive development?

A

it occured in a series of four stages

47
Q

what did vygotsky focus on about cognitive development?

A

sociocultural influences

48
Q

3 parenting styles?

A

authoritarian, permissive parenting, authoritative parenting

49
Q

Restrictive parenting style.This style of parenting allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls placed on the child.

A

authoritarian

50
Q

style that is characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent

A

permissive parenting

51
Q

style that is
child-centered, in that parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as a firm adherence to schedules and discipline.

A

authoritative parenting

52
Q

Interpreting
our new experience in terms of our existing schemas

A

assimilation

53
Q

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

A

accomodation

54
Q

Birth to 2, infants use senses and motor abilities to learn about the world

A

sensorimotor stage

55
Q

child’s ability to
understand that objects still exist after they are no longer in sight

A

object permanence

56
Q

The stage (2 to 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language

A

preoperational stage

57
Q

the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity and lasts until the beginning of adulthood

A

adolescence

58
Q

Selective removal of unnecessary neurons and connections to improve brain efficiency (during puberty)

A

sypnatic pruning

59
Q

Heightened
self-consciousness, belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves, their sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability

A

adolescent egocentrism

60
Q

the first stage, in which the morality of an action is determined by the consequences for the actor

A

preconventional stage

61
Q

the __ stage, the morality of an action is determined by the extent to which it conforms with rules and norms

A

conventional stage

62
Q

the __ stage, morality of an action is determined by general principles and core values

A

post conventional stage

63
Q

Carol Gilligan’s feminist
approach to moral development that emphasizes values like empathy and benevolence over abstract duties and obligations

A

ethics of care

ap psych (7 decks)

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