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AP exam one > 7 > Flashcards

7 Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of system ha vessels open to sinuses?

A

open

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2
Q

what kind of systems are confined to vessles?

A

closed

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3
Q

water is what percent of weight of blood?

A

78

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4
Q

RBS have what percent by volume?

A

40-45

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5
Q

plasma is equal to what?

A

blood-cell fractione

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6
Q

volume fraction of cells is called what

A

hematocrit

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7
Q

central circulation is what?

A

heart + larger vessels

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8
Q

peripheral circularion is what/

A

microvasculatur

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9
Q

what are two types of hearts what are they.

A

myogenic and neruogenic. nuerogenic has to be connected to nerves to work, nyogenic does not.

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10
Q

what is intrinsic rhytym and beats on its own

A

myogenic

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11
Q

what requires pacing by nervous system

A

nuerogenic

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12
Q

sinoatial node is what?

A

is the pacemaker

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13
Q

rhythmcity is modulated by what?

A

sympathetic and parasympthetic

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14
Q

systemic and pulmonary are parallel or in series?

A

series

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15
Q

arterioles and capillaries are what percent volume? veins and venuoles are what?

A

5-7. 50

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16
Q

increase in temp causes what to the rate and stregth of contraction

A

increases

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17
Q

what is the afterload

A

arterial pressure that heart has to eject. have to have greater pressure than heart, if aorta has more pressire, than heart has to work harder

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18
Q

increase in temp causes what?

A

increase in metabolism

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19
Q

systole is what

A

contraction

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20
Q

diastole is what

A

relaxation

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21
Q

isometric is what

A

isovolumetric

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22
Q

what has single layer of endotherlium , permeable and porous structures

A

capillaries

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23
Q

what has sphincter like muscles, more muscular than veins

A

arteries

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24
Q

pulse is difference of what

A

min and miax oscillations

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25
Q

what are conducit?

A

majro distrubuting muscle

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26
Q

aorta acts as what?

A

pressure reservoir or windkessel

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27
Q

what are arteriovenous anastomisis

A

connections between venules and arteriol

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28
Q

what happens to flow per time and velocity of flow when going into peripheral tissues and coming out?

A

flow per time stays the same, but velocity decreases than increases

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29
Q

how is velocity related to cross sectional area?

A

INVERSELY

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30
Q

total capillary volume is equal to what?

A

14 %

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31
Q

what percent of capillaries are open and how much bv is allowed?

A

30-50. 5-7

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32
Q

hydraulic pressure is what give two examples

A

difference across enodthelium. transcapillary pressure and blood pressure or intestitial fluid pressure

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33
Q

what is oncotic pressure

A

fraction of total blodo somotic pressure attributable to plasma proteins (small)

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34
Q

what determins is filttration or absorption happens in capilaires?

A

difference in forces

35
Q

when speaking about hydrostatic and osmotic pressure when does absorption take place? explain graph

A

when hydrostatic goes below osmotic, absorption starts taking place. osmotic stays constant and hydrostatic starts from top and goes to the bottom

36
Q

pressures increases or decreases with depth

A

increases

37
Q

pressure increases or decreases with height?

A

decreases

38
Q

pressure = what?

A

force/area

39
Q

force is measure in what

A

dynes

40
Q

force/ area units

A

dynes/cm^2

41
Q

pa units

A

N/m^2

42
Q

blood flows vessel to vessel in (series or parallel)>

A

series

43
Q

how to caluclate series?

A

add resistances

44
Q

blood divids at branching pathways and flows in (series or parallel)

A

parallel

45
Q

how to calculate parallel

A

1/R

46
Q

Q is proportional or improroptional to L and r

A

impro to L, and proportional to r

47
Q

relative resistance of arterial and capillaries is what percent?

A

93

48
Q

relative resistance of total venous is what

A

7

49
Q

total peripheral resistance is total resistance offered to the what

A

left ventricular output

50
Q

how is TPR calculated?

A

arterial pressuer- venous pressure divided by Q

51
Q

CO equation

A

heart rate x stroke volume

52
Q

units of TPR

A

PRU or (mm HG x s)/ml

53
Q

flow of blood depends on what not necessarily a differance of pressure?

A

gradient of total fluid energy

54
Q

whenever motion, how many forms of energy are disspipated as heat overcome viscoty of blood?

A

3

55
Q

movement is mostly what?

A

laminar

56
Q

average velocity is equal to ____ axial velocity

A

1/2

57
Q

is flow vs. pressure linear at high rates of flow?

A

no

58
Q

what is unitless number?

A

reynolds numner

59
Q

if Re is less than 2000 what is flow?

A

laminar

60
Q

if Re is above 2000 what is flow

A

turbulence

61
Q

turbulence usually occurs where?

A

atria and ventricles

62
Q

turbulence may occur during ________

A

systolic ejection or excercise

63
Q

if velocity and diamter decrease, what happens to Re?

A

is gets smaller

64
Q

in humans where is 70% of the blood?

A

below the heart

65
Q

in dogs where is 70% of blood?

A

at or above the heart

66
Q

giraffe has higher or lower Pa and Pv

A

higher

67
Q

when girrafe is standing is there constriction or dilation?

A

constriction

68
Q

when girrafe bends over, is there constricion or dilation? does the aortic pressure increase or decrease

A

dilation. decrease

69
Q

what does ADH release do?

A

releases an antidiaretic which causes less pee

70
Q

diaretic does what

A

causes you to pee

71
Q

renin does what

A

released in kidney and released angiotnesion which is a constrictor and prevents pee

72
Q

what sense low volume of blood pressure and what HAPPENS

A

VENOUS VOLUME RECEPTORS. INCREASE adH

73
Q

what sense stretch of atria?

A

atrial natriuretic factors . causes diureses, inhibits renin release, and vasodilation

74
Q

explain what relaxing factor is

A

NO. diffuses rapidlym short hald life. potent dialator.. 6 sec

75
Q

endothelin is a constrictor or dilator. and response to what

A

constrictor. endothelial damage

76
Q

protaglandins are constrictors or dilators?

A

both

77
Q

newtonian is what

A

homogeneous

78
Q

non newtonian is what

A

heterogenous

79
Q

endothelial recptors respond to what three things

A

ach, shear stress and bradykinin

80
Q

what is bradykinin

A

dilator brings extra blood tissue to correct damage

81
Q

what happens when you increase filling?

A

increase beta recptors, decreases symp, decreaseing ADH from pituitary, causing diuressi

82
Q

what happens when decrease in filling

A

decrease in beta recperos, increase in sym, renin, vaso constriction

83
Q

what happens when you increase arterial pressure (frequenceis and stuff)

A

increase rate of firing, depressor response, decrease symp, increase parasym, decrease CO, decrease R

84
Q

what happens when you decrease (frequencies and stuff)

A

decrease in frequencoes, causes pressor response, increase symp, decrease parasymp, increase CO, and R. causes release catecholamines (epinephrine, norephieirwnu) fro adrenal gland.

AP exam one (7 decks)

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