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Hematology (FORM AND FUNCTION) > 7. Stress Excitement > Flashcards

7. Stress Excitement Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophil pools:

A
  1. Mitotic/proliferating pool
  2. Maturation and storage pool
  3. Circulating pool
  4. Marginating pool
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2
Q

Neutrophil mitotic/proliferating pool:

A

-myeloblast
-myelocyte

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3
Q

Neutrophil maturation and storage pool:

A

-neutrophilic metamyelocyte
-band
-segmented
*not dividing but mature and are stored before release

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4
Q

Neutrophil circulating pool:

A

-50% of neutrophils in peripheral blood

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5
Q

Neutrophil marginating pool:

A

-50% of neutrophils in peripheral blood
-selectins on PM of the endothelial cells bind to glycoprotein (selectin ligands) on the neutrophils
>neutrophils loosely rolling on endothelial surface

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6
Q

Neutrophil function and kinetics:

A

-those released in circulation will enter tissues after 6-10hrs
-a steady state exists between neutrophil production and loss under normal circumstances

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7
Q

Once neutrophils enter tissues:

A

-if not recruited: undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis)
-recruited to combat infections and respond to other inflammatory stimuli

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8
Q

Size of maturation and storage pool (neutrophils): species

A

-dogs: largest
-cats & horse: intermediate
-ruminants: smallest

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9
Q

Steady state regulation: neutrophils

A

-tightly regulated
-normal transit of 7-10 days from stem cell to circulation
-half-life of 6-10hours

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10
Q

Regulation of neutrophils:

A

-activators: growth factors and cytokines (inflammation)
-inhibitors: stress hormones
*general hematopoietic impact (applies to the production of other blood cells)

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11
Q

Inflammation:

A

-induces growth factors and cytokines
*increased neutrophil production

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12
Q

Leukocyte concentration abnormalities:

A
  1. Count variations: decreased and increased conentration
  2. Immature cell indicator
  3. Cancer indicator
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13
Q

Count variations: decreased concentration

A

-indicated by suffix-penia
-neutropenia
-eosinopenia
-lymphopenia

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14
Q

Count variation: increased concentration

A

-indicated by suffix philia or cytosis
-neutrophilia
-eosinophilia
-lymphocytosis
-basophilia

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15
Q

Immature cell indicator:

A

*left shift
-higher presence of immature neutrophils in blood stream
>suggest an active response to inflammation or infection

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16
Q

Cancer indicator:

A

-leukemia
>occurrence of neoplastic (cancerous) cells in the blood

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17
Q

Excitement response in leukocytes: Epinephrine’s effect

A

-quickens blood flow through microcirculation
-mobilizes leukocytes from the marginating pool to the circulating pool

18
Q

Excitement response in leukocytes: leukocyte dynamics

A

-potential doubling of leukocyte counts (NEUTROPHILS and LYMPHOCYTES)
*absence of left shit: mature cells are mobilized
>no inflammation as it is only mature cells

19
Q

Excitement response: species-specific responses

A

-common in cats with notable lymphocytosis
-large animals: linked to exercise before bleeding, trucking, movement through chutes
-least common in dogs

20
Q

Leukocyte stress response:

A

-physiological stress triggers cortisol release form the adrenal glands
>major systemic illnesses (renal failure, inflammatory disease)
>metabolic disturbances (diabetic ketoacidosis, dehydration)
>pain

21
Q

How to regulate dysregulated inflammation?

A

-synthetic corticosteroid (anti-inflammatory medication)

22
Q

Stress hormones:

A

-exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting growth factors and cytokines activity
-modulate leukocyte counts and lifespan in bloodstream
-excessive levels may suppress overall blood cell production
Ex. cortisol and synthetic corticosteroids

23
Q

Stress and stress hormone impact on CBC:

A

-lymphopenia (most common)
-neutrophilia
*no left shift (unless combined with inflammation)
-eosinopenia

24
Q

Lymphopenia: stress

A

-reduced count from migration to lymphoid tissue
>staying in the lymph tissue

25
Q

Neutrophilia: stress

A

-increased count due to demargination and reduced tissue migration

26
Q

Eosinopenia: stress

A

-lower count from enhanced apoptosis and decreased bone marrow release

27
Q

Clinical implications of stress:

A

-stress responses are physiological
-may complicate the interpretation of underlying conditions
-assess changes within the broader clinical context

28
Q

Inflammation definition:

A

-body’s response to injury or tissue damage

29
Q

Etiology of inflammation: causes

A

-thermal burns
-chemical exposure
-physical trauma
-ischemic damage (restriction of blood supply to tissues)
-infectious
-immune reactions

30
Q

Clinical signs of inflammation:

A

-redness
-swelling
-heat
-pain
-loss of function

31
Q

Inflammation stages:

A
  1. Acute phase
  2. Repair
  3. Remodelling
32
Q

Resolution goals of inflammation:

A

-contain damage
-initiate tissue repair
*restore normal function

33
Q

Leukocyte response variation: inflammation

A

-different leukocyte profiles in acute inflammation (mild to severe) and chronic

34
Q

Mild inflammation: signs

A

-slight redness
-slight swelling

35
Q

Mild inflammation: CBC

A

-slightly elevated WBC count
>predominance of neutrophils: within upper limit of normal)
-no significant change in other cell types

36
Q

Moderate inflammation: signs

A

-noticeable swelling
-redness
-warmth
-pain

37
Q

Moderate inflammation: CBC

A

-elevated WBCs
>increase neutrophils
>left shift: increase immature neutrophils
-mild increase in acute phase proteins

38
Q

Severe inflammation: signs

A

-marked swelling
-pronounced redness
-significant heat
-pain
-restricted movement

39
Q

Severe inflammation: CBC

A

-marked leukocytosis with neutrophilia
>pronounced left shift
>possibly the presence of toxic changes in neutrophils
-elevated acute phase proteins

40
Q

Chronic inflammation: signs

A

Persistent:
-gum redness
-swelling
-occasional bleeding
-bad break

41
Q

Chronic inflammation: CBC

A

-mild to moderate elevation in WBC
>monocytosis
-presence of plasma cells may also be noted

Hematology (FORM AND FUNCTION) (10 decks)

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