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Step 1 (Steffanie) > Micro Gram - > Flashcards

Micro Gram - Flashcards

1
Q

Gram - diplococci, ferment maltose and glucose, polysaccharide capsule

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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2
Q

Gram - diplococci, ferments glucose but not maltose, no polysaccharide capsule

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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3
Q

What can neisseria gonorrhoeae cause?

A

Gonorrhea, septic arthritis, neonatal conjunctivitis (2-4 days after birth), PID, and Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

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4
Q

Treatment for neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Ceftriaxone (+ azithromycin or doxycycline, for possible chlamydia coinfection)

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5
Q

What can neisseria meningitidis cause?

A

Meningococcemia with petechial hemorrhages and gangrene of toes, meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

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6
Q

How is neisseria meningitidis treated?

A

Ceftriaxone or penicillin G

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7
Q

How are close contacts to neisseria meningitis patient treated?

A

Rifampin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone

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8
Q

Small gram - coccobacillary rod. Aerosol transmission

A

Haemophilus influenza

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9
Q

What can H influenzae cause?

A

Epiglottitis, meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia

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10
Q

What kind of media is needed to grow H influenzae?

A

Chocolate agar - contains factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin) for growth. Can also be cultured with S aureus

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11
Q

How is H influenzae treated?

A

Amoxicillin +/- clavulonate for mucosal infections, ceftriaxone for meningitis, rifampin prophylaxis for close contacts

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12
Q

Gram - aerobic coccobacillus

A

Bordetella pertussis

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13
Q

What are the virulence factors for bordetella pertussis?

A

Pertussis toxin (disables Gi), adenylate cyclase toxin (increases cAMP), and tracheal cytotoxin

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14
Q

What are the 3 clinical stages of pertussis?

A

Catarrhal - low grade fevers, coryza
Paroxysmal - paroxysms of intense coughing followed by inspiratory whoop, posttussive vomiting
Convalescent - gradual recovery of chronic cough

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15
Q

Gram - rod, grams stain poorly so silver stain is used. Grows on charcoal yeast extract medium with iron and cysteine

A

Legionella

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16
Q

How is legionella pneumophila transmitted?

A

Aerosol transmission from environmental water source habitat. No person-person transmission

17
Q

How is legionella pneumophila treated?

A

Macrolide or quinolone

18
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease

A

Severe pneumonia (often unilateral and lobar), fever, GI and CNS symptoms. Common in smokers and in chronic lung disease

19
Q

Aerobic, motile, gram - rod. Non-lactose fermenting. Oxidase +. Mucoid polysaccharide capsule

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

20
Q

What infections/disease is pseudomonas associated with?

A

Pneumonia, sepsis, ecthyma gangrenosum, UTIs, diabetes, osteomyelitis, otitis externa, nosocomial infections, addicts, skin infections

21
Q

What do pseudomonas produce?

A

Phospholipase C (degrades cell membranes)
Endotoxin (fever, shock)
Exotoxin A (inactivates EF-2)
Pigments: pyoverdine and pyocyanin (blue green)
Reactive oxygen species

22
Q

What drugs are used to treat pseudomonas?

A

Carbapenems, aminoglycosides, monobactams, polymyxins, fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), third and fourth generation cephalosporins (ceftazidime, cefepime), extended spectrum penicillins (piperacillin, ticarcillin)

23
Q

Gram - rods, non-lactose fermenters, oxidase -, can invade the GI tract via M cells of Peyer patches

A

Salmonella and Shigella

24
Q

What do antibiotics do against Salmonella infection?

A

Prolong duration

25
Q

Which bacteria ferment lactose?

A

Pink colonies on MacConkey agar

Citrobacter, Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter

26
Q

E. coli virulence factors

A

Fimbriae, K capsule, LPS endotoxin

27
Q

What can the shiga like toxin in O157:H7 E. coli cause?

A

Hemolytic uremic syndrome - anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure due to microthrombi forming on damaged endothelium leading to mechanical hemolysis (schistocytes), platelet consumption, and decreased renal blood flow

28
Q

Currant jelly sputum

A

Klebsiella

29
Q

Intestinal flora that causes lobar pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics when aspirated

A

Klebsiella

30
Q

Gram -, comma or S shaped, oxidase +, grows at 42 degrees C

A

Campylobacter jejuni

31
Q

What part of the stomach does H pylori colonize?

A

Antrum

32
Q

How is H pylori treated?

A

Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, proton pump inhibitor

Step 1 (Steffanie) (21 decks)

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