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BRS 7 G: DERMATOLOGY > 7.1 Derm 1 > Flashcards

7.1 Derm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the skin

A

Epidermis

Dermal epidermal junction (basement membrane)

Dermis

Subcutaneous fat

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2
Q

What is the epidermis composed of

A

Keratinocytes

(Keratinising stratified squamous)

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3
Q

Divisions of cells in epidermis

A

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

Stratum lucidum (only in oalms and soles)

Stratum corneum most superficial (no nuclei or organelles)

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4
Q

How long does it takes for progression of epidermal cells to surface

A

30 days

Accelerated in skin disease like psoriasis (scaling)

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5
Q

What assists in the structure of epidermis

A

Strong connections of:

Gap junctions

Adherens junctions

Desmosomes

Tight junctions

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6
Q

Gap junctions

A

Cell synchronisation differentiation growth and metabolic coordination

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7
Q

Tight junctions

A

Barrier integrity and polarity

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8
Q

Desmosomes

A

Major adhesion complexes in epidermis

Bridge adjacent keratinocytes

Allow cells to withstand trauma

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9
Q

Cells in the epidermis

A

Melanocytes

Langerhans

Merkel

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

Dendritic

Distribute melanin pigment in melanosomes to keratinocytes

Equal number in all skin types

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11
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Dendritic

Antigen presenting

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12
Q

Merkel cells

A

Mechanosensory receptors

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13
Q

Structure of the dermis (layers)

A

Support in ecm

Reticular dermis

Papillary dermis (superficial)

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14
Q

What components does the dermis have

A

Proteins (collagen and elastic fibres)

Glycoprotein

Ground substance

Cells

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15
Q

What are the main cells of the dermis

A

Fibroblast

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16
Q

Which proteins are seen in the dermis

A

Collagen types 1 and 3

Elastic fibres fibrillin, elastin

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17
Q

Which glycoprotein are seen in dermis

A

Fibronectin
Fibulin
Integrins

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18
Q

Function of glycoproteins in the dermis

A

Facilitate cell adhesion and motility

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19
Q

Cells in dermis

A

Fibroblasts

Neutrophils

Kymphocytes

Dendritic cells

Mast cells

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20
Q

Which collagen main,y comprise the dermis

A

1 and 3

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21
Q

Which layer of epidermis is only found in palms and soles

A

Stratum lucidum

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22
Q

Which layer of the dermis is most superficial

A

Papillary dermis

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23
Q

Which layer of the dermis is most deep

A

Reticular dermis

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24
Q

What is the reticular dermis composed of

A

Dense connective tissue

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25
Q

What is the papillary dermis composed of

A

Loose connective tissue

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26
Q

Blood supply of the skin

A

Doesn’t cross to the epidermis (avascular)

Deep and superficial vascular plexus

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27
Q

Innnervation of the skin

A

Sensory

Autonomic

Cholinergic

Adrenergic

Brain well connected to skin so stress causes disorders of the skin

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28
Q

Meissners corpuscle

A

Innervation of the skin

Thick hairless skin (lips, finger pads)

For light touch and slow vibration

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29
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

Around Finger nails

Monitors slippage of objects

Sensitive to skin stretch

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30
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Dermal papillae of hands and feet

Deep touch (detects surface texture)

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31
Q

Merkel cell

A

Unencapsulated

Light touch

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32
Q

Nerve endings

A

Meissner
Ruffini
Pacinian
Merkel

Corpuscles (Merkel cell)

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33
Q

Innervation for light touch

A

Meissner and merkel

34
Q

Vibration nerve ending

A

Meissner pacinian

35
Q

Temperature nerve ending

A

Thermoreceptors

36
Q

Pain nerve ending

A

Nocireceptors

37
Q

Pressure nerve endings

A

Merkel
Ruffini
Pacinian
Free nerve endings

38
Q

Which part of the body receives richer innervation

A

Face, extremities and genitalia

39
Q

Which nerve ending detects skin stretch and slippage

A

Ruffini corpuscles (concentrated around finger nails)

40
Q

Which nerve endings are encapsulated

A

Meissners
Ruffini
Pacinian

41
Q

Which receptors are unencapsulated

A

Epidermal (Merkel)

42
Q

Microbiota refers to

A

Bacteria fungi and viruses

43
Q

Role of microbiota

A

Immune modulation, epithelial health, chronic disease

44
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Physical barrier
Immunological barrier
Thermoregukwtiom
Sensation
Metabolism
Aesthetic appearance

45
Q

Main role in skin as an immune barrier

A

Langerhans cells

46
Q

Langerhans cells role in immune barrier

A

Initiate immune response against microbial threats by forming dense networks with which invaders must interact

Also contributed to immune tolerance

47
Q

Positioning of langerhans cells

A

Extended dendritic process through tight junctions to stratum corneum (outer layer)q

48
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity

A

Non specific vs specific
Already present vs develops after exposure
Rapid vs slow
No memory vs long term memory

49
Q

Langerhans in innate and adaptive

A

When roll like receptors sens danger via pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamp) causes rapid initiation of innate antimicrobial responses

Induction of adaptive responses is by power and specifiyu of t b cell and antibodies

50
Q

Skin as a barrier

A

Against external environment
Uv barrier
Restrict water and protein loss from skin

51
Q

What restricts water and protein loss from skin

A

Cornfield cell envelope and stratum corneum

52
Q

Skin as thermoregulation

A

Vasodilation or constriction in deep or superficial vascular plexuses regulate heat loss

Eccrine sweat glands for cooling

Role in fluid balance

53
Q

Skins metabolic functions

A

Vitamin d synthesis

Subcutaneous fat

Calorie reserve

Hormone release

54
Q

Which hormone regulates hunger and energy metabolism

A

Leptin release from skin acts on hypothalamus

55
Q

What is a source of leptin

A

Subcutaneous fat

56
Q

What do sebaceous glands produce

A

Sebum

57
Q

What does sebum cause

A

Inflammation and acne

58
Q

Skin appendages

A

Pilosebaceous units
Sweat glands
Nails

59
Q

What is the lunula

A

Visible cell matrix

White bit at base of nails

60
Q

Function of hair

A

Protection
Sebum
Apocrine sweat
Thermoreguwltion
Social and sexual interact
Epithelial and melanocytes stem cells

61
Q

Where are terminal hairs found

A

Scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes

62
Q

Where are cells hairs found

A

Rest of body except for palms, soles, mucosal regions and external genitalia

63
Q

Hair cycle phases

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

Loss of old hair

64
Q

Which phase is most of hair in in the cell cycle

A

Anagen 85%

65
Q

Anagen

A

New hair formation and growth

66
Q

How long does anagen last

A

2-6 years

67
Q

Catagen

A

Regressing phase

68
Q

How long does Catagen last

A

3 weeks

69
Q

How much hair is in Catagen

A

1%

70
Q

Telogen

A

Resting phase 3 months

71
Q

Pilosebaceous unit

A

Hair shaft
Hair follicle
Sebaceous gland

72
Q

What’s the hair erector muscle called in a Pilosebaceous unit

A

Arrector pili

73
Q

What’s the arrector pili

A

Smooth muscle extending from dermis to follicle wall

74
Q

Infundibulum

A

Upper part of hair follicle from opening of sebaceous gland to surface of skin

75
Q

Isthmus

A

Part of hair follicle between opening of sebaceous gland and insertion of arrector pili

76
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Almost everywhere on skin

Open directly to skin surfwce

77
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Areas with many hair follicles (scalp, armpits, groin)

Open into the hair follicle

78
Q

Nail plate

A

Firmly attached to nail bed

Emerges from proximal nail fold

Detaches at hyponychium

Lined laterally by lateral nail folds

79
Q

Nail matrix

A

Produces nail plate

Lies under proximal nail fold (above bone of distal phalanx)

Lunula only visible portion

Nail matrix keratinocytes differentiate and lose nuclei

80
Q

Functions of nails

A

Protection of distal phalanx

Scratching or grooming

BRS 7 G: DERMATOLOGY (2 decks)

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