Chapter 4

Question 1

Immunology

Answer 1

Study of physiologic mechanisms that allow the body to recognize materials as foreign and neutralize and eliminate them

Question 2

Types of Immunity

Answer 2

• Innate

- acquired (active and passive)

Question 3

Innate immunity

Answer 3

Natural—first line of defense to prevent entry of pathogens
Nonspecific—does not distinguish invaders, does not remember encounter with specific invaders and is non-adaptive—it does not remember the encounter with specific invaders

Question 4

Acquired immunity

Answer 4

Specificity and memory—when the same organism is encountered the body can respond more rapidly with a stronger reaction

• active imm.—protection acquired by introduction of an antigen to a responsive host—naturally (environmental exposure) or artificially (vaccination)
• passive imm.—antibodies transferred to another person (transplacental)

Question 5

Antigens

Answer 5

Foreign substance—without characteristic cell surface markers of the individual
Capable of eliciting and immune response
“Invader does not have our cell markers—attack!”

Question 6

Exterior defenses

Answer 6

Skin:entire body with exception of any openings—1st and best line of protection
Body openings:
-tears—>lysozymes —>kill bacteria
-ear—>waxy secretions—>prevent bacteria from advancing inside
-nasal hair
-stomach acid

Question 7

Phagocytes

Answer 7

• nonspecific/innate immunity
• eat microorganisms to protect the body against infection
• 2 types —> neutrophils and monocytes
• emigrate out of the blood and into the tissues where infection has developed

Question 8

Neutrophils

Answer 8

• derive from bone marrow and increase dramatically in 3 in response to infection and inflammation
• can directly kill invading organisms but may also damage host tissue
• die after phagocytosis
• formation of pus—>accumulation of dead neutrophils and phagocytosis bacteria

Question 9

Monocytes

Answer 9

Circulate in the blood—>mature into macrophages
Essential first step in the specific immune response
Introduce the pathogen to lymphocytes

Question 10

5 types of leukocytes

Answer 10

• neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (3 granulocytes)
• monocytes (phagocytes)
• lymphocytes

Question 11

Granulocytes

Answer 11

• because of their granular appearance
• neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
• short lived: 2-3days