Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology II Exam 1 > Lecture 1 - CNS Development and Intro > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - CNS Development and Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Brain

A

Sorts through and properly routes incoming sensory information; initiates, controls, and coordinates most muscular activity except simple reflexes; site of origin of 12 cranial nerve pairs (4 pairs carry parasympathetic fibers III, VII, IX, and X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of the Brain

A

Sensory, motor, and cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Spinal Cord

A

First CNS structure encountered by most incoming sensory information except sensory fibers in cranial nerves; last relay station for most motor information except ANS motor fibers; site of coordination of most reflex arcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PNS

A

Made up of transmission pathways carrying information between the CNS and external/internal environments; includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, sensory receptors in the skin and wall of the gut tube as well as in tendons and skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ANS

A

Entirely motor; innervates smooth muscle and glands (viscera); subdivided into sympathetic (fight or flight; thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic systems (feed and breed; craniosacral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nucleus

A

Aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ganglion

A

Aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of fibers (axons) in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of fibers (axons) in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Commissure

A

Tract in the CNS that crosses from one side to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

White Matter

A

Areas of myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gray Matter

A

Areas of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, and dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When does the formation of the nervous system occur during the embryonic stage?

A

End of 2nd week to end of 8th week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stages in Neural Tube Development

A

Neural plate to neural folds to neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parts of Tripartite Brain

A

Prosencephalon (further divided in pentapartite brain), mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon (further divided in pentapartite brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Parts of Pentapartite Brain

A

Telencephalon (most anterior), diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anencephaly

A

Failure of the cranial end of the neural tube to close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

Failure of prosencephalon to divide into 2 cerebral hemispheres; often associated with facial deformities such as a single orbit with 2 eyes, 1 eye, or no eyes, a proboscis-type nose located above the eye, or a cleft lip and palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A

Results from a failure of the inferior neuropore to close; vertebral arch/es fail to develop in caudal area; spinal cord function is usually normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Spina Bifida Cystica

A

Characterized by a sac-like cyst at the caudal end of spine; spinal cord and/or meninges may be found in the cyst; spinal cord function may be impaired; may be lower extremity dysfunction; bladder and bowel function may be impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Meningocele (form of spina bifida cystica)

A

Only meninges found in sac; spinal cord function may be impaired; signs and symptoms vary depending on location and severity of malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Meningomyelocele (form of spina bifida cystica)

A

Both meninges and spinal cord are found in sac; always results in abnormal growth of spinal cord; lower extremity paralysis; bowel and bladder dysfunction; loss of sensation to lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Myeloschisis (form of spina bifida cystica)

A

Failure of caudal neural folds to close; most severe of the defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Arnold-Chiari Deformity

A

Inferior cerebellum and medulla are elongated and protrude into vertebral canal; medulla and pons are small and deformed; hydrocephalus; malformation of lower cranial nerves leads to deafness, tongue, facial muscle, lateral eye movement weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is found in the lumina, floor, and roof of the telencephalon?

A

Lumina: Lateral ventricles 1 and 2
Floor: Basal nuclei (ganglia), olfactory lobes and nerves (subconscious motor control and muscle tone)
Roof: Cerebral cortex

27
Q

What is found in the lumina, roof, walls, and floor of the diencephalon?

A

Lumen: Third ventricle
Roof: Epithalamus
Walls: Thalamus
Floor: Hypothalamus and infundibulum

28
Q

Epithalamus

A

Habenular nuclei involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors; pineal body

29
Q

Thalamus

A

Major relay center for afferent and efferent information to and from cerebrum and other areas of the brain

30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Mamillary bodies involved in olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors; supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

31
Q

Functions of Diencephalon

A

Controls and integrates ANS; associated with many kinds of visceral activity; intermediary between nervous and endocrine systems; controls normal body temperature; maintains extracellular fluid volume; biorhythm oscillator

32
Q

What is found in the lumen, roof (tectum), and floor of mesencephalon?

A

Lumen: Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Roof (Tectum): Superior colliculi (visual reflexes) and inferior colliculi (auditory and olfactory reflexes)
Floor: Tegmentum (red nucleus, substantia nigra, various tracts) and cranial nerve nuclei 3 and 4

33
Q

What is found in the lumen, roof, and floor of metencephalon?

A

Lumen: Part of 4th ventricle
Roof: Cerebellum
Floor: Pons (cranial nerve nuclei 5-8; pontine nuclei, which is the relay between cerebrum and cerebellum; sleep center; respiratory center)

34
Q

Cerebellum

A

Has a cortex and is connected to other parts of the brain via large pairs of fibers tracts called peduncles

35
Q

Functions of Cerebellum

A

Coordinates skeletal muscle movements, maintain equilibrium and posture, and synergic control of muscle activity

36
Q

What does the inferior peduncle connect to?

A

Connects to medulla and spinal cord

37
Q

What does the middle peduncle connect to?

A

Pons

38
Q

What does the superior peduncle connect to?

A

Midbrain

39
Q

What is found in the lumen, main part, and roof of the myelencephalon?

A

Lumen: Rest of 4th ventricle
Main Part: Medulla obloganta
Roof: Posterior choroid plexus

40
Q

Medulla Nuclei

A

Vestibular nuclear complex, sensory nuclei, and portions of reticular formation

41
Q

Medulla Pyramids

A

Consist of lateral corticospinal tracts

42
Q

Medulla Olives

A

Site of nuclei related to cerebellum

43
Q

Medulla Reflex Centers

A

Cardiac center, vasomotor center, and centers related to respiration; various nonvital centers

44
Q

White Ramus Communicans

A

Located in the thoracolumbar region prior to branching into dorsal/ventral primary ramus; carries myelinated PRE-ganglionic fibers

45
Q

Gray Ramus Communicans

A

Located in the thoracolumbar region prior to branching into dorsal/ventral primary ramus; carries UN-myelinated POST-ganglionic fibers back to spinal nerve

46
Q

What 2 major branches do spinal nerves divide into?

A

Dosal/Ventral primary rami

47
Q

Paravertebral Ganglia

A

Linked together into a long chain on either side of the vertebral column in the thoracolumbar region; site of cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerves; site of synapses between preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic non-myelinated sympathetic neurons

48
Q

Splanchnic Nerve

A

Nerve supplying viscera

49
Q

Prevertebral Ganglia

A

Typically found anterior to abdominal aorta; site of synapses between preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic non-myelinated neurons

50
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Pathway that leaves from and returns to the CNS; consists minimally of a sensory pathway and a motor pathway

51
Q

Afferent (Sensory) Pathways

A

Somatic afferent pathways carry sensation from non-visceral structures such as the skin and skeletal muscle; visceral (splanchnic) afferent pathways carry sensations from viscera

52
Q

Efferent (Motor) Pathways

A

Somatic efferent pathways carry motor signals to skeletal muscles; visceral (splanchnic) motor pathways carry motor signals to smooth or cardiac muscles

53
Q

Association Neurons (Interneurons)

A

Some reflex arcs consist only of an efferent neuron and an afferent neuron; most have intervening neurons (interneurons) in the CNS that modulate the interaction between the afferent and the efferent neurons

54
Q

Monosynaptic Pathways

A

Pathways consisting only of afferent neurons and efferent neurons; each pathway has a single synapse

55
Q

Polysynaptic Pathways

A

Pathways that include interneurons as well as afferent and efferent neurons; each pathway has multiple synapses

56
Q

Resting Potential of Neuron Cell Body

A

-65mV

57
Q

Excited Potential of Neuron Cell Body

A

-45mV; typically due to influx of Na+

58
Q

Inhibited Potential of Neuron Cell Body

A

-70mV; typically due to influx of chloride ion or efflux of K+

59
Q

Somatosensory Axis

A

Sequence of structures involved in the transmission of a sensory signal from the peripheral receptors to higher brain centers; components include:

Peripheral receptors, afferent neurons (primary, secondary, tertiary), spinal cord/brainstem, reticular substance (medulla, pons, mesencephalon), cerebellum, thalamus, and somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex

60
Q

Primary Afferent Neurons

A

Synapse in the posterior horns of spinal cord or sensory nuclei in the brain

61
Q

Secondary Afferent Neurons

A

Synapse in the thalamus

62
Q

Tertiary Afferent Neurons

A

Synapse in the somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex

63
Q

Skeletal Motor Nerve Axis

A

Sequence of structures involved in the transmission of an action potential from the higher brain centers to skeletal muscles; includes:

Motor cortex of cerebrum, efferent pathways (upper motor neurons extending from cortical areas to the anterior horns of the spinal cord and alpha/lower motor neurons extending to the skeletal muscles), and effectors (skeletal muscles)

64
Q

Processing Areas of Skeletal Motor Nerve Axis include what structures?

A

Basal nuclei (putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei) in the telencephalon, thalamus in the diencephalon, and spinal cord reflexes

Physiology II Exam 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions