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Question 1

Linguistics

Answer 1

scientific study of language

Question 2

Language

Answer 2

complex rule governed (grammar) system which allows humans to produce and comprehend meaningful utterances. both a communicative and social tool.

Question 3

Prescriptive grammar

Answer 3

rules ab how people should speak. p much arbitrary rules which dont rlly make sense. just signal standard/formal way of speaking. no communicative purpose to these rules. not what is studied in linguistics.

Question 4

Descriptive grammar

Answer 4

all languages have complex structure @ many diff organizational levels; linguists seek to understand and describe the patterns that are produced in human speech.

Question 5

Phonetics

Answer 5

study of speech sounds

Question 6

Phonetic Transcription

Answer 6

use internation phonetic alphabet

Question 7

dialect

Answer 7

variant of a language– speakers of diff dialects of same language can understand each other, but notice certain differences

Question 8

Design Features of language

Answer 8

languages are more than just communication

1. mode of communication– messages are sent and received by some means– vocally or gesturally
2. semanticity– all signals have a meaning or function
3. pragmatic function– a comm system that serves a purpose
4. interchangeability– individuals can both transmit and receive messages
5. cultural transmission- language is learned through interaction w other speakers
   * 6. arbitrariness: linguistic sign composed of a form (or signifier) and a meaning (signified); the relationship between the form and meaning is arbitrary
   * 7. discreteness– signs are made up of smaller discrete units
   * displacement
   * Productivity

Question 9

mode of communication

Answer 9

messages are sent and received by some means– vocally or gesturally

Question 10

semanticity

Answer 10

all signals have a meaning or function

Question 11

pragmatic function

Answer 11

a comm system that serves a purpose

Question 12

interchangeability

Answer 12

individuals can both transmit and receive messages

Question 13

cultural transmission

Answer 13

language is learned through interaction w other speakers

Question 14

arbitrariness

Answer 14

linguistic sign composed of a form (or signifier) and a meaning (signified); the relationship between the form and meaning is arbitrary
counterexample: onomatopoeia, sign language

Question 15

discreteness

Answer 15

signs are made up of smaller discrete units

Question 16

displacement

Answer 16

ability to communicate ab abstract, non-present things or event

Question 17

Productivity

Answer 17

ability to create an infinite number of novel messages

Question 18

Grammar

Answer 18

refers to the rules and structure of a language that allow formation and interpretation of sounds, words, and sentences.
Language encodes meaning in form (sound for spoken languages, signs for signed langues)
Gammare includes everything between form (phonetics) and meaning (sematics): phonology, morphology, syntax

Question 19

Phonetics

Answer 19

study of speech sounds divided into 3 sub fields
1. articulation phonetics
2. acoustic phonetics
3. auditory phonetics
ADD DEFINITIONS

Question 20

articulatory phonetics

Answer 20

how speech sounds are produced

Question 21

how are speech sounds produced?

Answer 21

human speech involves converting aerodynamic energy-airflow-into acoustic energy-sound
FINISH

Question 22

Speech Systems and Cavities

Answer 22

1. sub-laryngeal cavity, below larynx; lungs
2. laryngeal cavity: space within the larynx (voice box) which contain the vocal folds
3. the supra-laryngeal cavity (vocal tract): pharyngeal cavity, nasal cavity, and oral cavity (includes articulators)

Question 23

The Speech Production Mechanism

Answer 23

4 main articulatory processes

1. airstream mech
2. phonation process
3. oro-nasal process
4. articulatory process

Question 24

airstream mechanism

Answer 24

where airflow comes from, and its direction- in this class always out of lungs
all speech sounds in english and most common sounds in the world's languages use the pulmonic egressive airstream mech: airflow is outward from lungs

Question 25

phonation process

Answer 25

the actions of the vocal folds, within the larynx

Question 26

oro-nasal process

Answer 26

refers to airflow directed through either the oral or nasal cavities

Question 27

articulatory process

Answer 27

how airflow is manipulated within the oral cavity by interaction of the active and passive activators FINISH

Question 28

Phonation and the Vocal Folds

Answer 28

vibration of the vocal folds (cords)
occurs when the vocal folds are held close together (but not closed) and pressure builds up, resulting in rapid adduction and abduction of the vocal cords