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science > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Overies

A

Store and release eggs

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2
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

The carry the eggs to the uterus, fertilization occurs here

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3
Q

Uterus

A

Is where the fertilized egg becomes implanted and finds nourishment

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4
Q

Cervix

A

It leads from the vagina to the uterus

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5
Q

Vagina

A

Holds the male penis during sexual intercourse

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6
Q

Ovulation

A

When an egg is released from the ovary on an average of 28 days

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7
Q

Menstruation

A

The uterus becomes thicker and rich in blood vessels to be ready to receive the egg, if the egg is not fertilized by a sperm the thickened lining is not need and breaks away. The lining and a small amount of blood pass out through the vagina (day 1-5), another word for menstruation is a period.

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8
Q

Fertile period

A

The days of the menstrual cycle when the woman is most likely to become pregnant. Intercourse 2 or 3 days before,during or after ovulation could lead to fertilization because sperm cells can survive for this long

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9
Q

Pause to menstrual cycle

A

If an egg is fertilized, the menstrual cycle is paused for the duration of pregnancy. The first sign of pregnancy is often that menstruation does not happen.

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10
Q

Menopause

A

Signal the end of a females ability to reproduce and also the end of her menstrual cycle. It happens at different ages for different people, typically in the late 40s to early 50s

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11
Q

Testes

A

They produce sperm

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12
Q

Scrotum

A

Is where the testes are, it is located outside the body to ensure the temperature is lower than body temperature for healthy sperm

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13
Q

Epididymis

A

Is a coiled tube on the outside of each testis that stores sperm and allows them to mature fully.

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14
Q

Vas deferens

A

(Sperm duct) brings the sperm from the testes to the penis

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15
Q

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland and cowper’s gland

A

The produce seminal fluid which mixes with sperm to form semen, it nourishes the sperm and allow them to swim.

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16
Q

Penis

A

Enters the female and ejaculates semen

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17
Q

Puberty

A

Describes when the body starts becoming sexually mature (reproductive organs develop). It normally happens between the ages of 10 and 16

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18
Q

Male puberty

A

In males, sex hormones (testosterone) are released causing the voice to deepen, hair grows around the sex organs, face, chest and underarms, the testes and penis grow bigger and start to produce sperm.

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19
Q

Female puberty

A

In females when the sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) are released the breasts develop, hips widen and hair begins to grow on the body.
The first egg is released from the ovaries which leads to the first period occurring.
An egg will be released every month until the menopause

20
Q

Fertilization

A

If an egg is present in the Fallopian tube, and a couple have sexual intercourse, then one of the sperm cells may fuse with it.
The nuclei of the sperm and egg fuse together to form a fertilized egg.
The woman is now pregnant.

21
Q

Embryo

A

The fertilized egg then divides a number of times and the tiny group of cells moves down the Fallopian tubes to the uterus.
This group of cells settles into the lining of the uterus and continues to divide to form an embryo

22
Q

Zygote->Embryo->Foetus

A 
Egg and sperm fuse to form a single 
Zygote
Cell division occurs and growth
Embryo, which attaches to the lining of the uterus (implantation) grows more, and after 8 weeks look like a human
Foetus
23
Q

Pregnancy

A

The average length of human pregnancy is 40 weeks
As the embryo develops in the uterus it is protected inside a bag of fluid called amniotic fluid
The fluid provides a cushion for the embryo

24
Q

Umbilical cord

A

A tube called the umbilical cord joins the embryo to the placenta.

25
Q

Placenta

A

The placenta is in rich blood vessels
It is here at the placenta that food and oxygen from the mothers blood pass into the baby’s blood
Also wastes such as carbon dioxide pass from the baby’s blood into the mothers.

26
Q

Labour

A

The birth of a baby begins when the uterus muscles start to contract

27
Q

Water break

A

The bag of amniotic fluid bursts and further contractions push the baby out usually head first, through the vagina.

28
Q

After birth

A

The umbilical cord is cut and it he placenta comes out after.

29
Q

Lactation

A

The production of breast milk.

30
Q

Colostrum

A

Very nutritious, and helps protect the baby from infection.

31
Q

Family planning

A

To control the number of children you have you need to control the number of times fertilization takes place.

32
Q

Natural methods of contraception

A

Aim to detect the day ovulation takes place and avoid intercourse during the fertile period.

33
Q

Artificial methods of contraception

A

The prevent the sperm and egg meeting
An example of this is a condom which prevents sperm entering the vagina
Another example is the contraceptive pill which prevents ovulation
It is important to realize no method is 100% reliable

34
Q

Inherited characteristics

A

Many physical characteristics such as eye colour and shape of ears were inherited from your parents. The instructions for these inherited characteristics were carried in the two cells that made you the egg and sperm

35
Q

Chromosomes and genes

A

The nucleus of each sex cell (gamete) contains 23 thread like structures called

36
Q

Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes are made of protein + DNA

These chromosomes carry genes

37
Q

Genes

A

are chemicals found on chromosomes that pass on information from parents to children

38
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

39
Q

Taxonomy

A

Is the science of classifying organism

40
Q

Classification

A

is the placing of organisms into groups, based on similar characteristics. This simplifies the study of organisms and allow scientists to communicate with each other. The basic unit of classification is the species.

41
Q

A species

A

is a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. (Liger = sterile offspring of a male lion and a female tiger) (A mule is the sterile offspring of a male donkey and a female horse)

42
Q

Variation

A

Means the difference in characteristics between members of the same species. Variations can be acquired (‘picked up’ during the life of the organisms) e.g riding a bicycle or inherited(genetic- can be passed on to next generation) e.g. tongue rolling

43
Q

Natural selection

A

The process by which the members of a species who are best suited to their environment are most likely to survive and reproduce

44
Q

Variation caused by environment

A

(Where and how we live) our body fat is caused by how much we eat and how much exercise we do, and any hormonal factors affecting our body.

45
Q

Nature versus nurture

A

These two factors interact with each other. How tall a person grows may be influenced by their diet as well as their genes

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