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diagnostics > Laboratory - Urine > Flashcards

Laboratory - Urine Flashcards

1
Q

What does normal urine contain?

A
  • 95% water
  • Electrolytes
  • Metabolic waste
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2
Q

What is included in this metabolic waste?

A

Urea, creatinine, phosphate and sulphur.

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3
Q

What is haematuria?

A

Blood in urine.

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4
Q

What is dysuria?

A

Difficulty urinating.

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5
Q

What is urinary tenesmus?

A

Feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder.

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6
Q

What is stranguria?

A

Straining to urinate.

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7
Q

What is Anuria?

A

Absence of urine.

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8
Q

What are 3 behavioural signs of urine crystals?

A

Hissing, yelping, restlessness.

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9
Q

What could cause urine crystals?

A

UTI, Diet, increased water intake causing abnormal concentration of minerals, stress, anatomy, systemic disease, genetic predisposition.

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10
Q

What are the ways to diagnose urine crystals?

A

Patient & owner history + clinical observations, changes in urine output and appearance, urinalysis (dipstick, bacteria? sediment analysis, SG. Ultrasound and xrays (including contrast xrays).

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11
Q

How can you treat urinary crystals?

A

Increase water intake, flush the bladder (urohydropropulsion), surgical removal, diet and referral.

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12
Q

How can crystals be characterised?

A

Mineral composition (external lab), pH of urine, radiodense r radiolucent (xrays), shape of crystals.

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13
Q

What is the average urine production for animals?

A

1-2ml/kg/hour.

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14
Q

what are the 4 collection methods for urine?

A
  • Free-catch
  • Manual expression
  • Catheterisation
  • Cystocentesis
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15
Q

what equipment might you need to collect a free-catch sample?

A
  • Collection pot (kidney dish)
  • Sample pot
  • Gloves
  • Katkor if a cat.
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16
Q

What time of day do you want to try and catch the sample and at what stage of them urinating?

A
  • First wee of the day as most concentrated and mid-flow.
17
Q

What factors will depend on the positioning of doing a manual expression sample?

A

Size of patient, consciousness and aggression/tolerance.

18
Q

What are the risks/ contraindications of doing a manual expression?

A
  • Rupture
  • Sensitivity
  • Bladder/ urethral patency is unknown
  • Also, stress of patient if conscious.
19
Q

what is catheterisation?

A
  • The passing of a catheter aseptically into the urethra to collect urine directly from the bladder.
20
Q

what equipment is needed for catheterisation?

A
  • Catheter, syringe, collection container, sample pot, gloves, lubrication, pen and a speculum may be used in females.
21
Q

Why might you want to catheterise a patient?

A
  • If blocked to flush bladder.
  • Recumbent patients with nerve damage, if urinated on themselves and caused urine scolding.
  • To obtain a sample.
22
Q

What are the advantages of catheterisation?

A
  • Fairly simple to do.
  • Male dogs are easier to catheterise.
  • Speculums can be used to help visualise the urethral orifice in female dogs.
23
Q

What are the 3 different types of SA catheter?

A
  • Foley
  • Dog catheter
  • Jackson male cat
24
Q

What’s the difference between an open and closed catheter system? And what is the disadvantage of open?

A

Closed - More aseptic and you can measure the output via a bag system.
Open - Open and can cause urine scolding and can allow bacteria/infection in.

25
Q

What is a cystocentesis?

A
  • Obtaining a urine sample by puncturing the body and bladder wall from outside the body cavity to get a direct sample from the bladder. The most sterile methods.
26
Q

What equipment is needed for a cystocentesis?

A
  • Needle, sterile syringe, clippers, ultrasound (if doing ultrasound guided), sample pot and pen.
27
Q

If the urine is not to be tested immediately what should you do with it and why?

A
  • Put it in a preservative to stop the natural process of urea decomposition and crystal formation.
28
Q

What factors of urine can we assess visually?

A
  • Amount
  • Colour
  • Turbidity (cloudiness)
  • Odour.
29
Q

What could it mean if the urine presented is brown/yellow?

A
  • Bile pigments are presented: shock, renal issues or dehydration.
30
Q

What could it mean if the urine presented is red/brown?

A
  • RBC present? Oestrus, stale sample, food colouring/
31
Q

What could it mean if the urine presented is bright red?

A
  • Urinary tract trauma, inflammation, cystitis.
32
Q

What could it mean if the urine presented is brown/black?

A
  • azoturia (contains products of muscle cells destruction) excess exercise.
33
Q

What could it mean if the urine smells strong?

A
  • It’s concentrated.
34
Q

What could it mean if the urine smells ammonia/stale?

A
  • Stale sample or bacteria present.
35
Q

What could it mean if the urine smells sweet (like pear drops)?

A
  • Diabetes mellitus (due to ketone presence in the urine. ketone = organic compound produced when fat is broken down).

diagnostics (8 decks)

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