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Haematology > Haematology Intro > Flashcards

Haematology Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of blood and their products?

A
  • plasma
  • clotting/coagulation factors
  • albumin
  • antibodies
  • buffy coat
  • platelets
  • white cells/leukocytes
  • red blood cells
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2
Q

What are 3 functions of blood?

A
  • transport
  • gases (red cells)
  • nutrients, waste, messages (plasma)
  • maintainance of vascular integrity
  • prevention of leaks (platelets, clotting factors)
  • prevention of blockages (anticoagulants, fibrinolytics)
  • protection from pathogens
  • phagocytosis + killing (granulocytes/monocytes)
  • antigen recognition + antibody formation (lymphocytes)
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3
Q

What are features of stem cells?

A
  • totipotent
  • self-renewal
  • home to marrow niche
  • binnary fission + flux through differentiation pathways, amplify numbers
  • flux regulated by hormones/growth factors
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4
Q

What is erythoid differentiation?

A
  • errythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte
  • erythropiotein
  • made in kidney, response to hypoxia
  • reticulocyte count- measure of red cell production
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5
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A
  • abnormally inc. concentration of haemoglobin in blood
  • reduction of plasma volume OR inc. in red cell number
  • primary disease
  • secondary condition
  • respiratory/circulatory disorders
  • cancer
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6
Q

What are features of anaemia?

A
  • poor gas transfer
  • dyspnoea
  • fatigue
  • dec. production
  • haemolytics deficiency (Fe, folate, vit B12)
  • congenital- thalassaemias
  • inc loss
  • bleeding
  • haemolysis
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7
Q

What are red cell abnormalities?

A
  • microcytes- abnormally small red blood cells
  • certain anaemias
  • macrocytes
  • polychromasia- abnormally high number of immature red blood cells

* 10g/L/day

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8
Q

What are features of platelets?

A
  • haemostasis
  • production regulated by thrombopoietin
  • produced in liver
  • regulation by platelet mass feedback
  • agonists used theraputically (romiplostim, etrombopag
  • 7 day lifespan
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9
Q

What are platelet abnormalities?

A
  • thrombocytosis- high platelet count
  • thrombocytopenia- deficiency of platlets
  • altered function
  • drugs
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10
Q

What are features of neutrophils?

A
  • ingest + destroy pathogens, esp bacteria + fungi
  • interleukins + CSFs (colony stimulating factors)
  • granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (GM-CSF)
  • regulate production
  • regulation by immune responses
  • 1-2 day lifespan
  • speed of reponse- few hrs
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11
Q

What is neutrophil differentiation?

A
  • blast (acute myeloid leukemia)
  • promyelocyte
  • myelocyte
  • metamyelocyte
  • neutrophil
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12
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A
  • leukocytosis of neutrophils- high number of neutrophils
  • infection
  • left shift, toxic granulation
  • inflammation
  • e.g. MI, rheumatoid arthritis
  • G-CSF used theraputically
  • neutropenia
  • mobilisation of stem cells
  • race
  • dec. production
  • drugs
  • marrow failure
  • inc. consumption
  • sepsis
  • autoimmune
  • altered function
  • e.g. chronic granulomatous disease
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13
Q

What are monocytes?

A
  • reticuloendothelial system
  • ingest + destroy pathogens, esp bacteria + fungi
  • subset of monocytes migrate into tissues + become macrophages
  • many months lifespan
  • some populations of macrophages self-maintaining
  • dentritic cells
  • weeks lifespan
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14
Q

What are features of lymphocytes?

A
  • adaptive vs innate immune system
  • immunological memory
  • surface antigens: CD markers
  • lymphocytosis
  • inc. lymphocytes in blood
  • infectious mononucleosis
  • pertussis
  • lymphopenia
  • dec. lymphoctyes in blood
  • usually post-viral
  • lymphoma
  • subtypes
  • B cells- make antibodies
  • T cells- Helper, cytotoxic, regulatory
  • NK cells
  • produced in bone marrow
  • B cells in bone marrow, T cells in thymus
  • circulate in blood, lymph, lymph nodes
  • differentiate into effector cells in secondary lymphoid organs
  • each naive cell has unique surface receptors
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15
Q

What are features of antibodies?

A
  • adaptors between pathogens + clearance systems
  • opsonisation- make foreign cell more susceptible to phagocytosis
  • fix complement
  • block binding
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16
Q

What is repertoire diversity?

A
  • combinatorial diversity- within each chain
  • junctional diversity
  • combinatorial diversity- between chains
  • mistakes cause lymphoid malignancy
17
Q

What is B cell positive and negative selection?

A

In bone marrow:

  • positive selection- gene rearrangement for a funtional receptor, the cell is selected to survive
  • negative selection: tolerance- if receptor recognises ‘self’ antigens, cell is triggered to die
18
Q

What are the two classes of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)?

A
  • class I- displays internal antigens on all nucleated cells
  • class II- displays antigens eaten by professional antigen presenting cells
  • immune cells use HLA -barcode on cells to idetify; self vs non-slef cells + uninfected vs infected cells
  • an immune response is tiggered if an infected cell is identified
19
Q

What are abnormalities with plasma?

A
  • too much- paraproteins
  • too little- clotting factors (haemophilia)
  • abnormal function- clotting factors (haemophilia)
20
Q

What is involved in a full blood count?

A
  • haemoglobin
  • male (135-170 g/L)
  • female (120-160 g/L)
  • RBC (4-5 1012/L)
  • platelets (150-400 109/L)
  • WBC (4-10 109/L)
  • neutrophils (1.5-7 109/L)
  • lymphocytes (1.5-4 109/L)
  • monocytes (.2-.8 109/L)
  • eosinophils (0.1-0.5 109/L)
  • basophils (.01-.1 109/L)
    no ‘primitive’ cells
21
Q

What are other diagnostic tools?

A
  • clotting times for clotting factors
  • bleeding time for platelets
  • (platelet and leukocyte function tests)
22
Q

What are involved in chemical assays?

A
  • iron (ferritin)
  • B12
  • folate
23
Q

What are other diagnostic tools?

A
  • marrow aspirate + trephine biopsy
  • lymph node biopsy
  • other organ biopsy
24
Q

What imaging tests are performed?

A
  • CT angiogram
  • plain film
  • CT scan
25
Q

What are different haematological treatments?

A
  • replacement
  • blood
  • haematinics
  • coagulation factors
  • plasma exchange
  • transplantation
  • drugs
  • cytotoxics
  • monoclonal antibodies
  • inhibitors of cellular proliferation
  • immunosuppressants
  • inhibitors of coagulation
  • inhibitors of fibrinolysis

Haematology (12 decks)

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