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Micro > L12: Translation and Horizontal Gene Transfer > Flashcards

L12: Translation and Horizontal Gene Transfer Flashcards

1
Q

What can create genetic variability in members of all domains?

A

mutation

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2
Q

What can create genetic diversity in Eukarya?

A

vertical gene transfer

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3
Q

What is mutation and how does it relate to genetic variability?

A

heritable change in DNA sequence
can generate alleles
can give rise to new phenotypes

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4
Q

What is vertical gene transfer and how does it relate to genetic variability?

A

sexual reproduction, the passing of genetic material from parent to offspring
new combinations of genes when gametes from parents fuse

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5
Q

How do bacteria and archaea generate genetic variability?

A

majorly through horizontal gene transfer

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6
Q

what is horizontal gene transfer?

A

transfer of genetic information from one independent organism to another

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7
Q

what are the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

A

transduction
conjugation
transformation

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8
Q

How do phages infect a cell?

A

they bind to specific receptors on the surface of the cells, then inject genetic material

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9
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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10
Q

What type of cycle can bacteriophage T4 go through?

A

both lytic and lysogenic

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11
Q

What do phages impact?

A

the composition and behavior of microbial communities

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12
Q

What is transduction?

A

bacterial gene transfer by phages

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13
Q

What are the two major types of phages?

A

virulent and temperate

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14
Q

What is characteristic about virulent phages?

A

reproduce through lytic cycle

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15
Q

What is characteristic about temperate phages?

A

reproduce through lysogenic cycle

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16
Q

Describe the lytic phage cycle

A

Phage attaches to bacteria
Phage injects its DNA into cytoplasm
Phage DNA goes through transcription and translation to synthesize new phages (bacterial DNA degrades)
Cell lyses and releases new phages

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17
Q

Describe the lysogenic phage cycle

A

Phage DNA integrates into host chromosome
Prophage DNA is copied and cell divides
Exposure to stress such as UV light triggers excision from host chromosome

18
Q

How does the transfer of bacterial genes happen during the lytic cycle?

A

generalized transduction

19
Q

How does the transfer of bacterial genes happen during the lysogenic cycle?

A

specialized transduction

20
Q

What type of transduction can transfer any part of the bacterial genome?

A

generalized transduction

21
Q

What type of transduction can only transfer part of the bacterial genome (the part right next to the phage genome)?

A

specialized transduction

22
Q

What happens during generalized transduction?

A

during viral assembly, pieces of degraded host DNA is mistakenly packaged into phage

23
Q

What happens during specialized transduction?

A

prophage incorrectly excises, takes part of genome with it

24
Q

What are the 3 defense strategies of bacteria?

A

surface alterations
restriction-modification systems
CRISP/Cas systems

25
Q

How does surface alterations protect bacteria?

A

prevents phage attachment

26
Q

How does restriction-modification systems protect bacteria?

A

modify bacterial genome, use restriction enzymes to degrade unmodified foreign DNA

27
Q

What domain(s) have the CRISPR/Cas system?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

28
Q

What are CRISPRs?

A

clusters of short DNA sequences

29
Q

How does the CRISPR/Cas system work?

A

Upon phage infection, bacteria captures and integrates sequences of viral DNA into their own genetic material as spacer, placing them between the repeats.
Then, next time bacteria encounters the phage, they transcribe DNA in the clusters, making RNAs complementary to infecting viral DNA sequence
RNA guides Cas proteins to viral DNA, where Cas protein cuts the invading DNA

30
Q

How is CRISPR/Cas used for target genome editing?

A

Deliver synthetic guide RNA and CAS nuclease into cell (or a plasmid), cells genome will cut at desired location

31
Q

How does gene transfer by conjugation work?

A

DNA is transferred by direct cell contact

32
Q

What is the major mode of spreading antibiotic resistance genes?

A

gene transfer by conjugation

33
Q

What does conjugation require?

A

pili and plasmids

34
Q

What are plasmids?

A

double stranded, circular DNA

extrachromosomal

35
Q

What role do plasmids play in conjugation?

A

they carry genes that confer an advantage and can be transferred from cell to cell

36
Q

Why are plasmids replicons?

A

have their own ori

37
Q

What are episomes?

A

plasmids that exist with or without integrating into chromosomes

38
Q

What’s an example of a well-studied example of a conjugative plasmid?

A

F (fertility) factor of E. coli

39
Q

In a F+ x F- mating, what is the donor for conjugation and what is the recipient?

A

F+ is donor, F- is recipient

40
Q

How does conjugation work with F+ x F- mating?

A

pilus connects F+ and F-
F factor replicates
plasmid-encoded enzyme nicks one strand of F facto and single strand enters F-
pilus retracts
new complementary strand made in donor and recipient

41
Q

What’s the mode of replication after conjugation in the F+ cell?

A

Rolling Circle Replication

Micro (15 decks)

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