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BIO > STIMULI AND RESPONSES > Flashcards

STIMULI AND RESPONSES Flashcards

1
Q

What are receptors

A

detect simtuli
can be cells or proteins
specific to one type of stimulus

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2
Q

what are effectors

A

cells that cause a response to a stimulus, to produce an effect

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3
Q

how do receptors and effectors communicate

A

via the nervous or hormonal system

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4
Q

how does the nervous system send impulses

A

via an electrical impulse

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of neurone

A

sensory
relay
motor

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6
Q

what do sensory neurones do

A

transmit electrical impulses from receptors to CNS

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7
Q

what is in the CNS

A

spinal cord and brain

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8
Q

what do motor neurones do

A

transmit electrical impulses from CNS to effectors

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9
Q

what do relay neurones do

A

transmit electrical impulses between sensory and motor neurones

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10
Q

give an example using stimulus receptor CNS effectors r response

A 
STIMULUS
you see a friend waving
RECEPTOR
light receptors (photoreceptors) in your eye detect the wave
CNS
processes the info
EFFECTORS
muscle cells are stimulated by the motor neurones 
RESPONSE
muscles contract to make your arm wave
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11
Q

what is the function of the peripheral nervous system

A

the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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12
Q

what 2 things make up the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

controls conscious movement

eg running

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14
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

unconscious activities

eg digestion

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15
Q

how to control HR within the autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic (slows down HR)

sympathetic (speeds up HR)

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16
Q

what is a reflex

A

where the body responds to a stimulus without making a conscious decision to respond

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17
Q

give an example of a heat reflex

eg if you touch something hot

A

Thermoreceptors in the skin detect the heat stimulus
the sensory neurone carries the impulse to the relay neurone
the relay neurone connects to the motor neurone
the motor neurone sends an impulse to the muscle
the muscle contracts to withdraw your hand away from the heat to stop it from being burnt

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18
Q

how do reflexes protect the body

A

they are rapid as don’t need to travel to the brain and back and therefore protect the body

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19
Q

what is secreted when an electrical impulse reaches the end of a neurone

A

neurotransmitters are secreted

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20
Q

what is a tropism

A

a response of a plant in the response of a plant to a directional stimulus

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21
Q

what is a positive tropism

A

growth towards the stimulus

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22
Q

what is a negative tropism

A

growth away from the stimulus

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23
Q

what is phototropism

A

the growth of a plant in response to a light stimulus

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24
Q

what is geotropism

A

the growth of a plant in response to a gravity stimulus

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25
Q

what are growth factors

A

hormone like chemicals that speed up or slow down plant growth

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26
Q

where are growth factors produced

A

in the growing parts of the plant

eg shoot tips and leaves

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27
Q

give an example of a growth factor

A

auxin

28
Q

give an example of auxin

A

IAA

Indoleacetic acid

29
Q

how does auxin work

A

stimulates the growth of shoots by cell elongation

cell walls become loose and stretchy so cells become longer

30
Q

what can too high a conc of auxin do

A

inhibit growth in roots

31
Q

what is taxis

A

the organisms movement is towards or away from a directional stimulus
eg light

32
Q

what is kinesis

A

the organisms movement is affected by a non directional stimulus
eg humidity

33
Q

what is resting potential

A

the potential difference/ voltage when a cell is at rest

34
Q

what happens to potential difference when a stimulus is detected

A

cell membrane besomes more permeable
allowing more electrons to move in and out of cell
which alters the potential difference/ voltage

35
Q

what is a generator potential

A

the change in potential difference/ voltage due to a stimulus

36
Q

what does a bigger stimulus produce

A

a larger generator potential

37
Q

what happens if the generator potential is really really large

A

it will trigger an action potential (an electrical impulse along a neurone)
The action potential is only generated if the generator potential is greater or equal to the threshold level

38
Q

what are pacinian corpuscles

A

pressure receptors in the skin

39
Q

pacinian corpuscle structure

A

contain the end of a sensory neurone

the sensory nerve ending is wrapped in loads of layers of of connective tissue called lamellae

40
Q

what happens to the lamellae when pressure is applied to the pacinian corpuscle

A 
the lamellae become deformed, 
Pressing on the sensory nerve ending
This opens the sodium gated channels
Allowing lots of Na+ into cell
Creating a generator potential
41
Q

what type of receptors does the eye contain

A

photoreceptors (light)

42
Q

What part of the eye are the photoreceptors found

A

fovea

43
Q

how do the electrical impulses travel from the eye to the brain

A

the optic nerve

44
Q

what do photoreceptors do

A

convert light energy into an electrical impulse

45
Q

what are the 2 types of photoreceptors

A

rods

cones

46
Q

where are rods found

A

peripheral parts of the retina

47
Q

where are cones found

A

packed together in the fovea

48
Q

what light do rods see

A

black and white (monochromatic vision)

49
Q

what light do cones see

A

colour (trichromatic vision)

50
Q

what are the 3 types of cones

A

red sensitive
green sensitive
blue sensitive

51
Q

describe the pathway of light to send an impulse to the brain

A

Light enters the eye
Passes straight through the optic nerve and to ganglion cell then to bipolar neurone
Is absorbed by light sensitive optical pigments
Light bleaches the pigments causing a chemical change and alters the membrane permeability to sodium ions
A generator potential is created if it reaches threshold
A nerve impulse is sent back along the bipolar neurone
The bipolar neurone connects the photoreceptors to the optic nerve which takes the impulse to the brain

52
Q

what is the sensitivity of rods

A

very sensitive to light
work best in dim light
-This is due to many rods connecting to one neurone so many weak generator potentials come together to reach threshold and trigger an action potential

53
Q

what is the sensitivity of cones

A

less sensitive to light
work best in bright light
-This is due to one cone connecting to the neurone, therefore it takes more light to reach the threshold and trigger an action potential

54
Q

what is visual acuity

A

the ability to tell apart 2 points that are close together

55
Q

what is the visual acuity of rods

A

give low visual acuity

-This is due to many rods connecting to one neurone, which means light from 2 different points can’t be told apart

56
Q

what is the visual acuity of cones

A

give high visual acuity
-This is due to cones being close together, and each cone joins to its own neurone
-When light from 2 points hit 2 cones, 2 action potentials are generated and go to the brain (one from each cone)
Therefore you can distinguish between the 2 points

57
Q

why is the heart described as myogenic

A

it can generate its own impulse

58
Q

describe the movement of the impulse through the heart

A 
SA node
Wave of excitation to AVN
Delay
Bundle of HiS
Purkinje fibres
59
Q

what is HR controlled by

A

a part of the brain called the medulla oblongata

60
Q

why do animals need to alter HR

A

repsond to internal and external stimuli

61
Q

what are the 3 types of receptor

A

CHEMORECEPTOR (CO2, acidity, pH)
BARORECEPTOR (blood pressure)
PROPRIORECEPTOR (movement)

62
Q

what is rodopsin

A

made up of a protein- OPSIN combined with retinal (derivative of vitamin A)

63
Q

What is found in the rod cell membrane stacks

A

rhodopsin

64
Q

inhibitory signals

A 
light absorbed by rhodopsin
K+ and Na+ channels close
sodium potassium pump continues
membrane becomes hyper polarised
no neurotransmitter released
65
Q

what is rhodopsin broken down into and how

A

opsin and retinal

light breaks it down

66
Q

what does opsin do

A

open sodium channels

67
Q

what do cones contain

A

iodopsin

BIO (10 decks)

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