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STIMULI AND RESPONSES Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What are receptors

A

detect simtuli
can be cells or proteins
specific to one type of stimulus

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2
Q

what are effectors

A

cells that cause a response to a stimulus, to produce an effect

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3
Q

how do receptors and effectors communicate

A

via the nervous or hormonal system

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4
Q

how does the nervous system send impulses

A

via an electrical impulse

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of neurone

A

sensory
relay
motor

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6
Q

what do sensory neurones do

A

transmit electrical impulses from receptors to CNS

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7
Q

what is in the CNS

A

spinal cord and brain

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8
Q

what do motor neurones do

A

transmit electrical impulses from CNS to effectors

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9
Q

what do relay neurones do

A

transmit electrical impulses between sensory and motor neurones

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10
Q

give an example using stimulus receptor CNS effectors r response

A 
STIMULUS
you see a friend waving
RECEPTOR
light receptors (photoreceptors) in your eye detect the wave
CNS
processes the info
EFFECTORS
muscle cells are stimulated by the motor neurones 
RESPONSE
muscles contract to make your arm wave
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11
Q

what is the function of the peripheral nervous system

A

the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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12
Q

what 2 things make up the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

controls conscious movement

eg running

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14
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

unconscious activities

eg digestion

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15
Q

how to control HR within the autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic (slows down HR)

sympathetic (speeds up HR)

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16
Q

what is a reflex

A

where the body responds to a stimulus without making a conscious decision to respond

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17
Q

give an example of a heat reflex

eg if you touch something hot

A

Thermoreceptors in the skin detect the heat stimulus
the sensory neurone carries the impulse to the relay neurone
the relay neurone connects to the motor neurone
the motor neurone sends an impulse to the muscle
the muscle contracts to withdraw your hand away from the heat to stop it from being burnt

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18
Q

how do reflexes protect the body

A

they are rapid as don’t need to travel to the brain and back and therefore protect the body

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19
Q

what is secreted when an electrical impulse reaches the end of a neurone

A

neurotransmitters are secreted

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20
Q

what is a tropism

A

a response of a plant in the response of a plant to a directional stimulus

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21
Q

what is a positive tropism

A

growth towards the stimulus

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22
Q

what is a negative tropism

A

growth away from the stimulus

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23
Q

what is phototropism

A

the growth of a plant in response to a light stimulus

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24
Q

what is geotropism

A

the growth of a plant in response to a gravity stimulus

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25
what are growth factors
hormone like chemicals that speed up or slow down plant growth
26
where are growth factors produced
in the growing parts of the plant | eg shoot tips and leaves
27
give an example of a growth factor
auxin
28
give an example of auxin
IAA | Indoleacetic acid
29
how does auxin work
stimulates the growth of shoots by cell elongation | cell walls become loose and stretchy so cells become longer
30
what can too high a conc of auxin do
inhibit growth in roots
31
what is taxis
the organisms movement is towards or away from a directional stimulus eg light
32
what is kinesis
the organisms movement is affected by a non directional stimulus eg humidity
33
what is resting potential
the potential difference/ voltage when a cell is at rest
34
what happens to potential difference when a stimulus is detected
cell membrane besomes more permeable allowing more electrons to move in and out of cell which alters the potential difference/ voltage
35
what is a generator potential
the change in potential difference/ voltage due to a stimulus
36
what does a bigger stimulus produce
a larger generator potential
37
what happens if the generator potential is really really large
it will trigger an action potential (an electrical impulse along a neurone) The action potential is only generated if the generator potential is greater or equal to the threshold level
38
what are pacinian corpuscles
pressure receptors in the skin
39
pacinian corpuscle structure
contain the end of a sensory neurone | the sensory nerve ending is wrapped in loads of layers of of connective tissue called lamellae
40
what happens to the lamellae when pressure is applied to the pacinian corpuscle
``` the lamellae become deformed, Pressing on the sensory nerve ending This opens the sodium gated channels Allowing lots of Na+ into cell Creating a generator potential ```
41
what type of receptors does the eye contain
photoreceptors (light)
42
What part of the eye are the photoreceptors found
fovea
43
how do the electrical impulses travel from the eye to the brain
the optic nerve
44
what do photoreceptors do
convert light energy into an electrical impulse
45
what are the 2 types of photoreceptors
rods | cones
46
where are rods found
peripheral parts of the retina
47
where are cones found
packed together in the fovea
48
what light do rods see
black and white (monochromatic vision)
49
what light do cones see
colour (trichromatic vision)
50
what are the 3 types of cones
red sensitive green sensitive blue sensitive
51
describe the pathway of light to send an impulse to the brain
Light enters the eye Passes straight through the optic nerve and to ganglion cell then to bipolar neurone Is absorbed by light sensitive optical pigments Light bleaches the pigments causing a chemical change and alters the membrane permeability to sodium ions A generator potential is created if it reaches threshold A nerve impulse is sent back along the bipolar neurone The bipolar neurone connects the photoreceptors to the optic nerve which takes the impulse to the brain
52
what is the sensitivity of rods
very sensitive to light work best in dim light -This is due to many rods connecting to one neurone so many weak generator potentials come together to reach threshold and trigger an action potential
53
what is the sensitivity of cones
less sensitive to light work best in bright light -This is due to one cone connecting to the neurone, therefore it takes more light to reach the threshold and trigger an action potential
54
what is visual acuity
the ability to tell apart 2 points that are close together
55
what is the visual acuity of rods
give low visual acuity | -This is due to many rods connecting to one neurone, which means light from 2 different points can't be told apart
56
what is the visual acuity of cones
give high visual acuity -This is due to cones being close together, and each cone joins to its own neurone -When light from 2 points hit 2 cones, 2 action potentials are generated and go to the brain (one from each cone) Therefore you can distinguish between the 2 points
57
why is the heart described as myogenic
it can generate its own impulse
58
describe the movement of the impulse through the heart
``` SA node Wave of excitation to AVN Delay Bundle of HiS Purkinje fibres ```
59
what is HR controlled by
a part of the brain called the medulla oblongata
60
why do animals need to alter HR
repsond to internal and external stimuli
61
what are the 3 types of receptor
CHEMORECEPTOR (CO2, acidity, pH) BARORECEPTOR (blood pressure) PROPRIORECEPTOR (movement)
62
what is rodopsin
made up of a protein- OPSIN combined with retinal (derivative of vitamin A)
63
What is found in the rod cell membrane stacks
rhodopsin
64
inhibitory signals
``` light absorbed by rhodopsin K+ and Na+ channels close sodium potassium pump continues membrane becomes hyper polarised no neurotransmitter released ```
65
what is rhodopsin broken down into and how
opsin and retinal | light breaks it down
66
what does opsin do
open sodium channels
67
what do cones contain
iodopsin

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