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AEBI212 > 7. Rates of Evolution > Flashcards

7. Rates of Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Anagenesis

A

Evolving into another species over time

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2
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Evolving into two or more species over time

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3
Q

Creeps

A

Gradual speciation

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4
Q

Jerks

A

Punctuated equilibrium

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5
Q

Gradual Speciation

A
  • Species arise slowly overtime

- Many morphological intermediates

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6
Q

Intermediate Forms

A

Evolutionary steps between ancestral species/traits and the current species/trait

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7
Q

Evolution of eye - evidence

A
  • Fossils of intermediate eyes found
  • Intermediate forms can persist in species
  • Some alive today - eyespot
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8
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A
  • Species diverge quickly
  • After quick divergence, remain unchanged for a long time
  • Single or few mutation in short period of time - De novo
  • Mutation sever to be noticeable but not deleterious or lethal
  • Must be geographic or reproductive isolation
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9
Q

Tiger Salamander

A

Example of punctuated equilibrium

  • Terrestrial
  • Single gene mutation caused it to stay as larval stage(aquatic)
  • Can become adult form under extreme stress but unable to reproduce
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10
Q

Quantum Speciation

A

Unexpectedly rapid speciation

  • Only seen in punctuated equilibrium
  • Often in small population with founder’s effect and genetic drifting
  • ex. Big bird lineage of finch - 2 generation
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11
Q

Frequency of gradual vs punctual

A

Biased
- If intermediates are missing
When looking at species that diverged recently or long ago

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12
Q

Living fossils and evolution

A

No clear answer
One clear relationship
- If habitat remains stable - species also remain stable

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13
Q

Trait evolution

A

The evolution of traits - no relation to species

- can be a trait found in many different species

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14
Q

Likelihood of mutation

A

Severe mutation adding novel traits are rare

- Axolotl is a very rare case

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15
Q

Trends in Trait Evolution

A

Complexity increase?

- only early unicellular to eukaryotes

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16
Q

Complexity

A

Not clear
One definition
- Number of unique individual organs or traits in an organism

17
Q

Specialization

A

A species losing general traits to become better adapted to a very specific habitat
- Re-evolving traits thought to be very rare

18
Q

Irreducible complexity

A

Traits whose function have become essential to life, losing them seems impossible

19
Q

Selective ratchets (irreducible complexity)

A

Traits not easily dispensed due to their role in functional integration
- Notochords - Used to be structural support but in vertebrates they don’t - They facilitate the development of spinal column

20
Q

Key Evolution

A

Novel and sudden phenotypic adaptation to one or more ecological zones

  • Enables great diversity in a lineage
  • Seeds in plants
21
Q

Taxonomic rates of evolution

A

The rate at which taxa evolve

- The most common definition of evolution

22
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Relatively rapid speciation and evolution event

- Seems to correlate with a sudden abundance of open niches

23
Q

Ecological niche

A

The specific place a species hold in its environment, and the role it plays in the food chain of that community

  • Interaction between the abiotic and biotic factors
  • Two species can hold the same niche
24
Q

Ways of creating new niches

A

Mass extinction
Development of new traits that create new, unexploited niches
Modification of habitat
- Ecosystem engineering - Beavers

25
Q

Mass Extinction

A

An extinction event which extinction vastly exceeds the historical background rate of species extinction

  • Severe climate change
  • 5 observed
26
Q

End-Cretaceous Extinction

A

Extinction of Dinosaurs

  • Led to empty niches
  • Adaptive radiation of mammals
  • Small size - Fast reproduction
  • Generalist - Eat anything
27
Q

Angiosperm

A

Adaptive radiation after emergence at expense of other groups

  • Coevolution with pollinators
  • creation of niches through ecosystem engineering
28
Q

Angiosperm and pollinator

A

Flowers - attract pollinator

- Travel further

29
Q

Angiosperm and niches

A

Grow faster than conifers - main plant back then
- Many annual species too
Ecosystem engineering
- Decomposition of angiosperm makes soil neutral - benefits angiosperm

30
Q

Evolution rate

A

No general rules

- Few patterns

AEBI212 (12 decks)

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