Hazards

Question 1

Define biomaterials

Answer 1

Natural or synthetic material that interfaces with living or biological tissues

Question 2

Define biocompatibility

Answer 2

The ability of a material to elicit an appropriate biological response, in a given application, in the body/mouth

Question 3

Define bioinert

Answer 3

A material that does not elicit any response with the host tissue

Question 4

Define bioactive

Answer 4

A material that does elicit any response with the host tissue

Question 5

When is a biomaterial deemed safe?

Answer 5

When the material doesn’t cause any local or systemic adverse reactions

Question 6

What is a Class I medical device

Answer 6

Temporary removable devices such as mouth-guards

Question 7

What is a Class IIa medical device

Answer 7

Devices used within tooth cavities such as crowns inlays

Question 8

What is a Class IIb medical device

Answer 8

Implanted devices such as titanium implants

Question 9

What is a Class III medical device

Answer 9

High risk category devices such as

• Pacemakers
• Heart valves

Question 10

Who is at risk when using dental materials?

Answer 10

• The dental practitioner
• The dental nurse
• The dental technician
• The patient

Question 11

Name the 7 types of adverse reaction

Answer 11

• Toxic reactions
• Irritant contact dermatitis
• Allergic contact dermatitis
• Oral lichenoid reactions
• Anaphylactoid reactions
• Contact urticaria
• Intolerance reactions

Question 12

Commment on oral cavity hypersensitivity

Answer 12

• Oral cavity rarely shows hypersensitivity response due to its vascular nature

Question 13

Name the 3 types of irritant contact dermatitis

Answer 13

• Acute toxic reaction
• Cumulative insult dermatitis
• Paresthesia (burning, tingling)

Question 14

What are the 2 types of Dermatoses

Answer 14

• Irritant

- Allergic

Question 15

Where does irritative dermatitis occur?

Answer 15

localised and restricted primarily to the area of exposure (contact site)

Question 16

Define dermatoses

Answer 16

Adverse effect on the skin after contact with chemically active substances

Question 17

How is allergic dermatitis acquired?

Answer 17

Through contact with low molecular weight substances in materials [haptens]

Question 18

What happens to the LMWS during allergic dermatitis?

Answer 18

• Links to a carrier protein and develops antigens by contact with dermal proteins
• Next contact produces allergic reaction.

Question 19

Name some adverse affects of free residual monomers

Answer 19

• Irritation to skin
• Irritation to eyes
• Irritation to mucous membranes
• Allergic dermatitis
• Asthma

Question 20

What is Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) used for?

Answer 20

• Most commonly used root canal irrigant

Question 21

What does Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) do? (4)

Answer 21

• Antimicrobial
• Doesn’t wet dentine well
• Depletes organic constituents of dentine
• Dissolves pulpal remnants, collagen, necrotic and vital organic tissue

Question 22

What is the pH of Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl)?

Answer 22

12-13

Question 23

What can be a clinical complication of Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl)?

Answer 23

• If introduced into periodical tissue

- Bleeding and swelling possible

Question 24

What is acute systemic toxicity?

Answer 24

• Non dermatological biohazard

- Associated with repeated dosage

Question 25

How can Methacrylates cause adverse affects?

Answer 25

• Monomers are volatile

- Which can cause respiratory or neurological problems

Question 26

How can mercury cause adverse affects?

Answer 26

• Vapours from amalgam can cause poisoning

- Amnesia, irritability