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9 Flashcards

1
Q

Santa Barbara accident

A

1969

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2
Q

First Earth Day

A

November 1969

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3
Q

knowing how much waste is too much for a particular water body

A

water quality management

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4
Q

Point sources

A

domestic sewage and industrial sewage

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5
Q

waste from home, schools, office buildings and stores

A

domestic sewage

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6
Q

domestic sewage plus the industrial wastes that are permitted to discharge

A

municipal sewage

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7
Q

Non point sources

A

urban and agricultural runoff

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8
Q

Nonpoint sources usually occur during

A

rainstorms and snowmelt

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9
Q

material that ca be oxidized in the receiving water resulting in the consumption of dissolved molecular oxygen is termed

A

oxygen-demanding material

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10
Q

Oxygen demanding material comes primarily from

A

human waste and food residues

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11
Q

Industries that primarily produces oxygen-demanding waste

A

food processing and paper industry

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12
Q

Contributes to the depletion of Dissolved oxygen

A

animal droppings, crop residues, or leaves

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13
Q

Two nutrients of primary concern

A

nitrogen and phosphorus

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14
Q

excessive nutrients will lead to

A

growth of algaes

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15
Q

most widely used fertilizers

A

lime, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

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16
Q

Amount of N in fresh manure

A

60-80%

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17
Q

Most common forms of commercial fertilizers

A

ammonium nitrate and anhydrous ammonia

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18
Q

phosphate fertilizer is produced through

A

reaction of rock phosphate with acid

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19
Q

Limiting nutrient in freshwater aquatic system

A

phosphorus

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20
Q

primary limiting nutrient in the seaward portions of estuarine system

A

nitrogen

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21
Q

Phosphorus is the limiting nutrient when the ratio of N to P is

A

16:1

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22
Q

DO concentration lower than 1 mg/L

A

hypoxia

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23
Q

provides habitat for shellfish and finfish and food for waterfowl

A

submerged aquatic vegetation

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24
Q

causes fish lesions and fish kills

A

Pfiesteria piscicida

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25
Q

Most productive agricultural land in US

A

Susquehanna River

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26
Q

ARG

A

antibiotic resistance gene

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27
Q

organic and inorganic particles carried by wastewater into a receiving water

A

suspended solids

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28
Q

causes the turbidity found in many surface waters

A

colloidal particles

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29
Q

salts and other matter that don’t evaporate

A

total dissolved solids

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30
Q

use to kill unwanted plants

A

herbicides

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31
Q

used to kill insects that would destroy crops

A

insecticide

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32
Q

employed to control thr growth of fungi

A

fungicides

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33
Q

most occurring pesticides in water that were found in fishes are

A

organochlorine insecticides

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34
Q

most commonly detected pesticide

A

herbicide used on corn, soybean, small grains, and hay

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35
Q

formed by a series of geochemical and microbial reactions that occur when water comes in contact with pyrite in coal

A

acid mine drainage

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36
Q

“yellow boy”

A

ferric hydroxide which is a yellow and slimy precipitate

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37
Q

Minamata disease

A

due to the methylated mercury that was disposed by Chisso Corporation

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38
Q

Itai-Itai

A

chronic exposure to cadmium
- kidney dysfunction to osteomalacia

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39
Q

potential cause of the feminization of genetically male Chinook salmon

A

heat

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40
Q

Increase in temperature will cause the solubility of oxygen to

A

decrease

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41
Q

Increase in temperature will cause the solubility of Co2 to

A

decrease

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42
Q

coral polyp expels the algae (zooxanthellae)

A

coral bleaching

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43
Q

particles that have dimension less than 100 micrometer

A

nanoparticle

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44
Q

novel material from carbon that exist as hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes

A

fullerene

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45
Q

amount of oxygen required to oxidize a substance to carbon dioxide and water

A

theoretical oxygen demand

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46
Q

the amount of oxidant consumed during oxidation of organic substances present in water samples.

A

chemical oxygen demand

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47
Q

COD test

A

chemical oxidizing agent (chromic acid) is mixed with a water sample and then refluxed

  • difference between the amount of oxidizing agent at the beginning and the remaining.
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48
Q

oxidation is carried out by microorganism using organic matter

A

biochemical oxygen demand

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49
Q

measure by biological means

A

bioassays

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50
Q

Actual BOD is usually _ than the Theoretical Oxygen

A

less

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51
Q

Aerobic decomposition

A

water sample is inoculated with bacteria that consumes biodegradable organic material

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52
Q

the ___ the amount of organic matter, the ____ the amount of oxygen used

A

greater, greater

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53
Q

most widely used method of measuring organic matter

A

BOD test

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54
Q

two measures of oxygen demand will be the same if

A

the chemical composition of all the substances are known and are capable of being completely oxidized chemically

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55
Q

rate at which oxygen is consumed is _ the concentration of degradable organic matter

A

directly proportional

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56
Q

maximum oxygen consumption possible when the waste has been completely degraded

A

ultimate BOD

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57
Q

oxygen depletion is related to

A

BOD and BOD rate constant

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58
Q

numerical value of the rate constant is dependent on

A

nature of waste, ability of organisms in the system to use the waste, temperature

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59
Q

waste that will degrade rapidly

A

will have large BOD rate constant

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60
Q

___ waste are almost undegradable in BOD test or in conventional water treatment

A

high molecular weight waste

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61
Q

undesirable outcome of BOD test

A

BOD rate constant is lower in the laboratory than in natural waters

62
Q

biological processes speed up as the temperature

A

increases

63
Q

Standard temperature for BOD Test

A

20 C

64
Q

Standard amount of sample

A

300 mL

65
Q

applied to exclude air bubbles

A

use of stoppered

66
Q

ratio of undiluted to diluted sample

A

sample size

67
Q

ratio of diluted to undiluted sample

A

dilution factor

68
Q

used to estimate the amount of oxygen consumed by the added inoculum in the absence of the sample

A

blank

69
Q

Standard time for BOD test

A

5 days

70
Q

bottles are kept in the dark (for BOD test) to?

A

prevent photosynthesis from adding oxygen to the water

71
Q

Indicates waste strength

A

bOD5

72
Q

What’s behind the 5 day standard test?

A

River Thames has a travel time of less than 5 days to the sea

73
Q

oxygen consumption due to oxidation to carbon

A

carbonaceous BOD

74
Q

oxygen consumption due to oxidation of nitrogen

A

nitrogenous BOD

75
Q

ammonia is oxidized to nitrate by a special group of nitrifying bacteria as source of energy

A

nitrification

76
Q

Actual nitrogenous BOD is ____ than the theoretical value due to the incorporation of some nitrogen into new bacterial cells

A

less

77
Q

indicator of general health of a river

A

concentration of dissolved oxygen

78
Q

DO where most game fish will have been driven out

A

4-5 mg/L

79
Q

profile of the DO concentration

A

DO sag curve

80
Q

only significant sources of oxygen

A

reaeration from the atmosphere and photosynthesis of aquatic plants

81
Q

factors affecting dissolved oxygen depletion

A

nonpoint source pollution, respiration of organism living in the sediments, and respiration of aquatic plants

82
Q

benthic demand

A

respiration of organism living in the sediment

83
Q

The DO sag curve was developed using

A

oxygen deficit

84
Q

saturation value of dissolved oxygen is heavily dependent on

A

water temperature

85
Q

Difference between the saturated DO and the concentration of DO after mixing

A

initial deficit

86
Q

Temperature used in determining the saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen

A

downstream temperature

87
Q

Simplest model to describe the change in BOD

A

Streeter-Phelps 1925

88
Q

two reaction terms for Streeter-Phelps

A

reaeration and deoxygenation

89
Q

describes the rate at which oxygen is replenished and is a function of stream prperties

A

reaeration

90
Q

the greater the turbulence, the ___ the rate of reaeration

A

greater

91
Q

found that the reaeration coefficient is related to stream velocity and depth

A

O’Connor and Dobbin

92
Q

rate at which DO disappears from the streams as a result of microbial action

A

rate of deoxygenation

93
Q

lowest point on the DO sag curve with respect to dissolved oxygen

A

critical point

94
Q

indicates the worst conditions in the river

A

critical point

95
Q

set to protect the most sensitive species that exist or could exist in the particular river

A

DO standard

96
Q

DO at the critical point value is greater than the standard

A

the stream can adequately assimilate the waste

97
Q

critical point is less than the standard

A

additional waste treatment is needed

98
Q

reduced by a by adding oxygen to the wastewater to bring it close to saturation prior to discharged

A

initial deficit after mixing

99
Q

mechanical reaeration of rivers can be accomplished to artificially

A

increased Kf and decrease initial deficit

99
Q

A typical effluent also contains approximately ___ mg · L−1 of nitrogen, which would mean an NBOD of about ____ mg · L−1

A

30, 137

100
Q

use the river conditions that will result in the ___ DO concentration

A

least

101
Q

calculated at the end of each reach

A

oxygen deficit and residual BOD

102
Q

necessary whenever the flow regime changes because the reaeration coefficient would also change

A

dividing the riving

103
Q

a length of river specified by the engineer on the basis of its homogeneity

A

reach

104
Q

play a major role in maintaining high DO levels

A

rapids

105
Q

activities produce oxygen that supplements the reaeration and can even cause oxygen
supersaturation

A

photosynthesis of aquatic plants

106
Q

detrimental to
the maintenance of a consistently high DO level

A

large growths of aquatic plants

107
Q

in order of abundance in plant tissue

A

carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and a variety of trace
elements

108
Q

contribute to deteriorating water quality in rivers by causing excessive plant growth

A

nutrients

109
Q

limiting total plant growth in deep water

A

turbidity which prevents light from penetrating far into the water

110
Q

prevent rooted plants from taking hold and thus limit their growth to quiet backwaters

A

Strong water currents

111
Q

serves as a vital nutrient for the growth of algae

A

phosphorus

112
Q

more toxic than either chlorine and hyporchlorous acid/hypochlorite

A

chloramines

112
Q

consumes large quantities of dissolved oxygen

A

conversion of NH4 to NO3

113
Q

serve as nutrients for excessive growth of algae

A

low concentration of ammonia and nitrate

114
Q

can help reduce the supply of trace elements

A

air pollution control

115
Q

can result only in temporary improvement in water quality

A

dredging or precipitation

116
Q

natural source of phosphorus

A

weathering of rock

117
Q

only effective way of reducing phosphorus is through

A

advanced waste treatment processes

118
Q

chain of phosphate ions (usually three) linked together

A

polyphosphate

119
Q

put the tile field ___ enough from the lake that the adsorption capacity of the soil is not exceeded

A

far

120
Q

carried into streams and lakes through soil erosion

A

Bound phosphorus

121
Q

defined to be precipitation with a pH less than 5.6.

A

acid rain

122
Q

Acid rain was first described

A

Svante Oden 1968

123
Q

the release of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the air results

A

formation of nitric and sulfuric acids

124
Q

cricket frogs and spring peepers experience mortalities in excess of 85%

A

pH below 4

125
Q

High ____ concentrations are often the trigger that kills fish

A

aluminum

126
Q

The ____ the pH, the higher the aluminum concentration.

A

lower

127
Q

Acid deposition can have numerous other stress effects on aquatic organisms, including

A

failure to reproduce, gill damage resulting in respiratory problems, failure of eggs to hatch, interference with Ca uptake

128
Q

lakes formed in calcareous soils

A

tend to be resistant to acidification

129
Q

formed along the coastline where freshwater from rivers and streams flows into the ocean

A

estuary

130
Q

estuary

A

freshwater mixes with the salty seawater

131
Q

Estuaries are more commonly known by such names as

A

bays, lagoons, harbors, inlets, or sounds

132
Q

complex and specialized ecosystems formed out of a cycle of wetting and drying, and the submersion and reappearance of aquatic organisms

A

Estuaries

133
Q

could be called the “cradle” of many birds, fish, and other life because the estuary

A

Estuaries

134
Q

help prevent erosion and stabilize the shoreline

A

Salt marsh grasses

135
Q

nutrients can contribute to fish disease

A

“red and brown tides,” algae blooms, and low dissolved oxygen

136
Q

identify, restore, and protect nationally significant estuaries

A

National Estuary Program

137
Q

cover about 71% of the Earth’s surface

A

Oceans

138
Q

choking the coral reefs and attracting predators, such as sea urchins

A

algae

139
Q

result in coral bleaching

A

warmer ocean

140
Q

entire reef turns white as a result of the death of the algae within the coral

A

coral bleaching

141
Q

can cause an increase in the number of urchins, which will cause widespread destruction of the forests as the urchins dislodge the kelp from its stronghold on the ocean floor

A

ocean disposal of municipal sewage and manure from livestock production operations

142
Q

the disposal of chemicals, sewage, and solid waste in the ocean

A

submarine tailings disposal

143
Q

(BTEX)

A

benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene

144
Q

the _____ a chemical, the more
likely it will move vertically down through the soil to the aquifer and migrate with the water

A

more water-soluble

145
Q

only sparingly soluble in water

A

nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs)

146
Q

light NAPLs (or LNAPLs) are ____ dense than water

A

less

147
Q

dense NAPLs (DNAPLs), on the contrary, have a _____ density than that of water a

A

greater

148
Q

very insoluble in water and are not likely to move great distances in soils

A

chrysene (present in diesel fuel) and PCB

149
Q

more soluble in water will be ____ by the geologic material to a lesser degree than those organic chemicals that are relatively insoluble in water

A

retarded

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