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BRS 9 G: GENITOURINARY SYSTEM > 9.1 Genitourinary System > Flashcards

9.1 Genitourinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Labels of the kidney

A

Cortex, medulla

Major and minor calyx

Renal artery and vein

Ureter

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2
Q

Function of the kidney

A

Excretion (metabolic products and foreign substances)

Homeostasis of body fluid, electrolytes and acid base balance

Regukates blood pressure

Secretes hormones (EPO and renin)

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3
Q

Renal blood supply - arteries

A

Renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery - afferent arteriole- glomerular capillaries - efferent arteriole - peritubular capilliaries

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4
Q

Renal blood supply - veins

A

Peritubular capillaries - interlobular veins - arcuate vein - interlobar vein - renal vein

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5
Q

What’s after renal artery

A

Segmental artery

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6
Q

After segmental artery

A

Interlobar artery

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7
Q

After interlobar artery

A

Arcuate artery

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8
Q

After arcuate artery

A

Interlobular artery

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9
Q

After interlobular artery

A

Afferent arteriole

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10
Q

After afferent arteriole

A

Glomerular capillaries

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11
Q

After glomeular capillaries

A

Efferent arteriole

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12
Q

After efferent arteriole

A

Peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

After peritubular capillaries

A

Interlobular vein

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14
Q

After interlobular vein

A

Arcuate vein

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15
Q

After arcuate vein

A

Interlobar vein

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16
Q

After interlobar vein

A

Renal vein

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17
Q

What’s first proximal or distal

A

Proximal

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18
Q

Where is the detrusor muscle

A

Top of the bladder (is the muscle surrounding bladder )

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19
Q

Function of detrusor muscle

A

Contracts to build up pressure in the urinary bladder to support urination

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20
Q

Where is the trigone

A

Base of the bladder

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21
Q

What’s on the trigone

A

Ureteric openings

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22
Q

Function of the trigone

A

Stretching to its limit signals the brain about the need for urination

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23
Q

What’s more superior the internal or external sphincter

A

Internal

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24
Q

Function of the internal sphincter

A

Involuntary control to prevent urination

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25
Q

External sphincter function

A

Voluntary control to prevent urination

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26
Q

Bulbourethral gland function

A

Produce thick lubricant which is added to watery semen to promote sperm survival

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27
Q

Which part of the loop of henle is thick

A

Ascending

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28
Q

Principal cells

A

In the collecting duct - have low density of mitochondria

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29
Q

Intercalated cells

A

Collecting duct - rich in mitochondria a

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30
Q

What part of the loop of henle is rich in mitochondria

A

Thick ascending

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31
Q

Which part of the loh have a low density of mitochondria

A

Thin descending and ascending

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32
Q

Are proximal and distal convoluted tubules rich in mitochondria

A

Yes

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33
Q

Types of nephron

A

Superficial and juxtamedullary

34
Q

Superficial nephron

A

In cortex and outer medulla

35
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A

Project into inner medulla

36
Q

Ratio of superficial to juxtamedullary nephrons

A

10:1

37
Q

Why is the cortex granular looking and the medulla striated

A

Nephrons project into the medulla

38
Q

What makes up the juxtaglomeular apparatus

A

Macula densa (distal convoluted tubule)

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Juxtaglomerular cells (aff art)

39
Q

Function of the macula densa

A

Regulates GFR through tubo-glomerular feedback mechanism

40
Q

Justaglomerualr cells function

A

Rain secretion for regulating blood pressure

41
Q

Renal process in glomerullar capillaries

A

Glomerular filtration

42
Q

Renal processes in the nephron

A

Reabsorption secretion excretion

43
Q

How if fluid driven into the bowman’s capsule

A

Glomerular filtration by hydrostatic pressure of the heart

44
Q

Filtration barrier in glomerular filtration

A

Size and charge dependent - highly permeable to fluids and small solutes

Impermeable to cells and proteins

45
Q

Layers of glomerular filtration

A

Fenestrae

Epithelial podocytes and slits

46
Q

Pressures involved in glomerular filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure (pushing) and on optic pressure

Both have blood and interstitial fluid

47
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Fluid exerts this pressure

Solute and fluid molecules shoved out

48
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Solutes exert this pressure

Fluid molecules drawn in across the spm

49
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure

A

Push solutes and fluid out into IF

50
Q

Blood oncotic pressure

A

Pulls fluid molecules into blood

51
Q

IF hydrostatic pressure

A

Pushes solutes and fluid out into the blood

52
Q

IF oncotic pressure

A

Pulls fluid molecules into the IF

53
Q

HPgc

A

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

54
Q

HPbw

A

Hydrostatic pressure in the bowman’s capsule

55
Q

πgc

A

Oncotic pressure of plasma proteins in the glomerular capillaries

56
Q

Puf

A

Net ultrafiltration pressure

HPgc - HPbw- πgc

57
Q

Glomerular filtration rate GFR

A

Amount filtered from glomeruli into BC per unit time (mL/min)

GFR = Puf x Kf(coefficient)

58
Q

Changes in filtration forces or ultrafiltration coefficient will result in

A

GFR imbalance

59
Q

Healthy GFR in males and females

A

90-140ml/min and 80-125ml/min

60
Q

Fall in GFR cardinal feature in which disease

A

Renal disease

61
Q

Why does a fall in GFR cause renal disease

A

Build up excretory products in the plasma

62
Q

Renal disease can be seen as a change in which calculation

A

Fall in GFR

63
Q

Myotonic regulation of GFR

A

Arterial pressure increase

Afferent arteriole stretch then contract

Increased vessel resistance

Blood flow reduces

GFR stays the same

64
Q

Tubulo glomerular feedback in regulating GFR

A

Increase or decrease in GFR

Increase or decrease in NaCl in LOH

Change detected by mascula densa

Increased/ decreased ATP and adenosine discharged

Afferent arteriole constricts or dilates

GFR stabilises

65
Q

Renal clearance

A

Number of litres of plasma that are completely cleared of the substance per unit time

Only concerned with excretory role

66
Q

Equation of renal clearance

A

C = conc of substance in urine x rate of urine production / concentration of substance in plasma

Gives mL of plasma cleared of the substance per min

C= u x v / p

67
Q

Freely filtered molecule is

A

Neither reabsorbed nor secreted

68
Q

GFR can be calculated in a freely filtered molecule

A

By renal clearance

69
Q

Freely filtered molecule ideal example

A

Inulin

70
Q

GFR can be measured using renal clearance of which molecule

A

Inulin or less commonly creatinine

71
Q

Why is Inulin an ideal molecule for determining GFR

A

Freely filtered

Not toxic

Measured in plasma and blood

72
Q

Downside of Inulin

A

Not found in mammals (plant polysaccharide) so must be transfused

73
Q

Commonly used molecule in determining GFR practically

A

Creatinine

74
Q

Why is creatinine used in determining GFR

A

Amout released is fairly constant

If renal functiom is stable creatinine amount in urine is stable

75
Q

Low or high creatinine clearance hints at

A

Renal failure

76
Q

Why isn’t creatinine a perfect molecule in ifentifyimg GFR

A

A small amount is secreted

77
Q

Renal plasma flow

A

If total amount of molecules entering the kidney amount excreted then renal clearance of this molecule = renal plasma flow RPF

78
Q

What molecule is used in renal plasma flow

A

PAH

79
Q

Why is PAH used in renal plasma flow

A

All of PAH is removed from the plasma passing through the kidney through filtration and secretion

80
Q

What is the filtration factor

A

Ratio of amount of plasma which is filter3 and which arrives via the afferent arteriole

FF= GFR/ RPF

81
Q

Symporter

A

Both molecules same way

82
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Movement of one molecule down its conc g provides energy for other solute to move against its conc g (symporter/antiporter)

BRS 9 G: GENITOURINARY SYSTEM (4 decks)

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