9.ammonia

Question 1

definition of ammonia intoxication

Answer 1

Ammonia (NH3) is a colorless, suffocating poison with a distinct odor,
often described as pungent or irritating.

Occupational exposure to ammonia primarily targets the respiratory system,
leading to acute toxicity and potentially life-threatening complications.

Question 2

etiology of ammonia intoxication

Answer 2

1. in industrial processes, such as manufacturing, refrigeration, and chemical production
2. agricultural workers may encounter ammonia in the form of fertilizers

Question 3

pathogenesis of ammonia intoxication

Answer 3

Upon inhalation, ammonia reacts with water in the mucosa of the respiratory tract and airways, forming ammonium hydroxide, a caustic base.
This chemical reaction results in tissue necrosis and irritation, triggering an inflammatory response characterized by increased vascular permeability and toxic-inflammatory edema.
Swelling of the vocal cords can occur, leading to obstruction of the airway and ultimately death by suffocation

Question 4

clinical manifestation of ammonia intoxication

Answer 4

1. rubor, tumor, and calor at the site of exposure
2. runny nose, watery eyes, cough, and hoarseness of voice. 3. dyspnea and cyanosis
3. the production of pink sputum with bubbles due to pulmonary edema.

Question 5

diagnosis of ammonia intoxication

Answer 5

1. assessing for typical ammonia odor in the work environment and identifying characteristic symptoms in exposed individuals.
2. chest radiography may reveal signs of pulmonary edema.
3. Laboratory tests show elevated serum lactic acid levels
4. (ABG) analysis, including metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and an increased alveolar-arterial gradient.

Question 6

treatment of ammonia intoxication

Answer 6

1. Immediate removal from the hazardous environment and decontamination
2. Tracheal intubation may be necessary to ensure adequate ventilation
3. Corticosteroids may be administered to reduce vascular permeability and inflammation.
4. Intravenous administration of hypertonic glucose solutions can help restore fluid balance by increasing osmolality
   5.Diuretics may also be used to further increase osmolality

Question 7

expertise of ammonia intoxication

Answer 7

1. safe storage, handling, and transport of ammonia-containing substances
2. the use of personal protective equipment .