:)

Question 1

which drugs can block calcium channels in the heart & what does this do to ventricular contraction?

Answer 1

- amlodopine & verapamil block the Ca2+ channels

Question 2

Q

what do each of Class 1-4 antiarrhythmic drug classes block?

whats an example of a beta and calcium channel blocker?

Answer 2

Class 1: Na+ channel blocker

Class II: B blocker - e.g. Propranolol

Class III - Potassium-channel blockers

Class IV - Calcium-channel blockers. e.g Verapamil

Question 3

what can make sinus arrthymia disappear?

Answer 3

admisitration of atropine (blocks para effects)

Question 4

what is role of Furosemide?
what is MoA?

Answer 4

Furosemide removes excess water in the body

• *indications**:
• oedema
• resistant hypertension
• *mechanism of action:**
• blocks the transport of sodium (and chloride) out of the loop of Henle and into interstitial fluid of medulla
• causes a lower concentration of sodium & other solutes in interstial fluid
• SO, less water is reabsorbed in descending loop of Henle (remember, water follows Na)
• means Na, & water is kept in the urine: prevents reabsorbtion of 20% Na & 15% H20
• SO, more water excreted

* furosemide, and other loop, diuretics act independently of ADH *

Question 5

Spironolactone works by?

Answer 5

Spironolactone and similar drugs block the mineralocorticoid receptor that aldosterone binds to in the distal tubule. It is thus an aldosterone antagonist

Question 6

name three drugs fro specifc IBS treatment and their functions?

Answer 6

• *- specific IBS treatments:**
  a) licaclotide - increases fluid secretion & pain relief
  b) lubiprostone - increase fluid secretion
  c) rifaximin - antibiotic to treat bacterial overgrowth

Question 7

gastroparesis

how u treat? 3

Answer 7

treatment:

• *- domperidone or erythomycin - stimulate stomach muscle contraction
• anti-emetics for nausea
• dietary changse**

Question 8

Clostridium difficile:

c) treatment? (3)

Answer 8

c) treatment: stop antibiotic use, vancomycin, fecal microbiota transfer

Question 9

ulcerative colitis - treatmnets?

Answer 9

Question 10

what do drugs that used for GERD / proton pumps end in ?

Answer 10

-zole

Question 11

treatment options for peptic ulcer disease? (4)?

Answer 11

• vagotomy: cut part of the vagus nerve = less Ach secretion. no longer used cuz Ach needed elsewhere. reduced acid secretion
• Hisatamine (H2) antagonists: cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine. reduces acid secretion
• PPI: omeprazole. prevents H=/K+ ATPase on parietal cell. reduces acid secretion
• antibiotics. e.g. amoxycillin. Kills H pyloric. eradicates infection