Populations and sustainability

Question 1

2 animals found in the Tera Region (South of Nepal)?

Answer 1

• Bengal tiger
• Greater one-horned rhinoceros (endangered)

Question 2

What’s the forest in the Terai Region under pressure from?

Answer 2

• expansion of agriculture into forested areas
• grazing from farm animals
• overexploitation of forest + resources
• replacing traditional crops with modern ones

Question 3

What does the forest provide locals with? (TR)

Answer 3

• fuel
• building materials
• tools

Question 4

What have the WWF and the Nepalese gov done to ensure conservation and development? (TR)

Answer 4

• introduced initiatives in which locals can exploit and look after forest
• have created forest corridors ( needed dispersal and survival of tigers)
• counteract poachers and illegal felling

Question 5

What has the WWF Scheme done to reduce demand for firewood? (TR)

Answer 5

• introduced biogas plants and wood efficient stoves

Question 6

What has the Terai arc project done?

Answer 6

• built waterholes
• monitored endangered species
• eradicated invasive species

Question 7

Has community involvement combined with governmental and non- governmental (WWF) leadership been successful? (TR)

Answer 7

Yes. Bengal tigers are using corridors and their population is steadily growing.

Question 8

How has the increase in density of goat and sheep affected wildlife in Maasai Mara (Kenya)?

Answer 8

has dropped

Question 9

Why did farmers consolidate their land to form conservancies? (MM)

Answer 9

• to generate tourist income
• conservancies receive payment for wildlife conservation (PWC) schemes.

Question 10

What are the disadvantages of conservancies? (MM)

Answer 10

• livestock must be moved out of of reserve during tourist season where no one receives PWC.
• farmers have constraints on how they use their land

Question 11

why has the human population in the Galapagos Islands grown?

Answer 11

increased demand for marine products and ecotourism.

Question 12

What’s happening to some of the species in the GI?

Answer 12

50% of vertebrate species and 25% of plant species are endangered

Question 13

how has the GI been disturbed?

Answer 13

• more water, pollution and demand for oil
• oil spill in 2001 negatively affected marine ecosystems
• building and conversion of land for agriculture has caused destruction and fragmentation of habitats.

Question 14

How have the resources in the GI been exploited?

Answer 14

• in 19th century, 200,000 tortoises killed in less than half a century.
• Charles Darwin Research Station has a captive breeding programme to increase their numbers
• death of many sharks due to market for shark fins

Question 15

What are the effects of introduced species on the GI?

Answer 15

• alien species out- compete, eat, bring disease, destroy habitats of native species
• cats hunt lava lizard + young iguanas.
• red quinine out compete native trees
• goats feed on giant-tortoise food supply and disrupt their nesting sites

Question 16

How have the effects of human activity in the GI been managed?

Answer 16

• Charles Darwin Research Station search arriving boats and tourists for foreign species
• natural predators released to reduce no of pests
• culling against feral goats and pigs
• there are zones where no extraction of resources is allowed

Question 17

What are the issues concerning Krill in the antarctica?

Answer 17

• modern technology means that large amounts of krill can be harvested very quickly
• natural predators can’t adapt as easily to find krill elsewhere

Question 18

How is overexploitation of krill controlled? (A)

Answer 18

• There’s a trigger catch level catch size in particular areas
• fishing conducted equally across all areas, up to the total catch limit

Question 19

Protected areas in Antarctica

Answer 19

• within sanctuaries, it’s illegal to hunt and kill whales
• monitoring whaling activity to ensure sanctuary is effective

Question 20

How does long-line fishing kill Albatrosses and Petrels and is it prevented? (A)

Answer 20

• they swallow the hooks
• weighted lines used which sink more quickly and used at night to avoid breeding, nesting and feeding times

Question 21

What are farmers given financial incentives for in The Lake District?

Answer 21

• reduce chemical use
• safeguard hedges
• take care of habitats present

Question 22

Why are spruce and pine trees an issue in LD and what’s the solution?

Answer 22

• support limited biodiversity
  SOLUTION - generate more varied planting and felling patterns

Question 23

Why are invasive trees (like laurel) an issue in LD and what’s the solution?

Answer 23

• their dense canopy blocks sunlight reaching floor and roots produce toxic chemicals which stop other plants growing
  SOLUTION - invasive plant species physically removed

Question 24

What are the issues concerning mires in LD and what’s the solution?

Answer 24

• mires (habitat for lichens, mosses) provide breeding ground for moorland birds.
• mires under threat from burning, grazing and drainage for agriculture
• peat extraction also threatens habitat
  SOLUTION - mires rewetted and grazing controlled in areas with rare plants

Question 25

What are the issues concerning cliff communities in LD and what’s the solution?

Answer 25

• provide habitat foe wheat eater and nesting site for golden eagle
• damaged by walkers and climbers
  SOLUTION - seasonal restrictions on walking, paths well maintained to prevent people walking off them.

Question 26

Why are good paths maintained in Snowdonia National Park?

Answer 26

• so rare plants are not trodden on

Question 27

Why is rubbish maintained in Snowdonia National Park?

Answer 27

• gutters become blocked by rubbish causing erosion of paths

Question 28

What are farmers encouraged to do in SNP?

Answer 28

• plant hedges
• conserve ancient woodland

Question 29

What have farmers done on mountains?

Answer 29

reduced sheep grazing

Question 30

What are the issues concerning farmers digging open drainage ditches in SNP and what’s the solution?

Answer 30

• causes poor water quality in rivers and increases flood risk
  SOLUTION - ditches blocked by hale bales

Question 31

concerning conifers being planted as cash crops in SNP and what’s the solution?

Answer 31

• dries out moorland
  SOLUTION - block drainage ditches to slow water flow and keep land moist.