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Anatomy & Physiology I > A&P 1.19 > Flashcards

A&P 1.19 Flashcards

1
Q

Serratus anterior

A, I, O

A

A- protraction/abduction of the scapula

I- superior and inferior angle of the scapula and medial margin in between

O - Lateral aspect of 1st through 8-9 ribs

Named for shape and location

Serrat - saw like;
Weak muscle is a wing scapula

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2
Q

range of motion

A

the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved

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3
Q

Range of motion

Review

6 factors

A

Structure or shape of the articulating bones
Strength or tension of the joint ligaments
Arrangement and tension of the muscles
Apposition of soft parts
Hormones
Disuse

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4
Q

Structure or shape of the articulating bones

A

Spatial relationship : how closely the articulating surfaces fit together

more stable than mobile because it’s an Interlocking fit

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5
Q

Strength or tension of the joint ligaments

A

Tautness of the capsule and ligaments in certain positions

When the knee is straight the ACL is taut and the PCL is loose

The reverse occurs in flexion

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6
Q

Arrangement and tension of the muscles

A

When the thigh is raised with the knee extended, the ROM is restricted by the tension of the hamstring muscle on the back of the thigh

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7
Q

Apposition of soft parts

A

The point at which one body surface meets another (muscle or adipose tissue)

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8
Q

Hormones

A

Relaxin from placenta loosens pubic symphysis

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9
Q

relaxin

A

during pregnancy the ovaries and placenta produce a hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and the pelvic ligaments, allowing expansion of the pelvic outlet

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10
Q

Disuse

A

Movement at a joint may be restricted

Decreased synovial fluid
Decreased flexibility of ligaments
Reduced size of muscles

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11
Q

Detail of hip joint

A

Articular capsule
Ligament of the head of the femur
Acetabular labrum

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12
Q

Articular capsule

A

Very dense & strong capsule that extends from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur

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13
Q

Ligament of the head of the femur

A

Runs from the fossa of the acetabulum to the head of the femur contains a small artery

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14
Q

Articulation of the vertebrae

5

A 
Intervertebral discs
Intervertebral joints
Vertebro-costal joints
Atlanto-occipital joint
Atlanto-axial joint
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14
Q

Acetabular labrum

A

Fibrocartilage rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum

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15
Q

Detail of the vertebral joints

Articulation

A

Articulation between the superior and inferior facet processes of adjacent vertebrae are gliding joints

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16
Q

Detail of vertebral joints

Bodies of vertebrae

A

Bodies of vertebrae are separated by cushioned pads of fibrocartilage called intervertebral discs and are symphyseal joints. Each disc has tough outer layer called the annulus fibrosis, which surrounds the soft gelatinous core (nucleus pulposis) that gives resiliency and shock absorption.

17
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

Each disc has tough outer layer called the annulus fibrosis, which surrounds the soft gelatinous core (nucleus pulposis) that gives resiliency and shock absorption.

18
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

intervertebral discs are filled with a soft, pulpy, highly elastic substance called nucleus pulposus

19
Q

Detail of vertebral joints

Intervertebral ligaments

A

Intervertebral ligaments run anterior and posterior to the bodies which are

Anterior longitudinal ligaments
Posterior longitudinal ligaments
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament
20
Q

atlanto-axial joint

A

made between the atlas and axis in the vertebrae

21
Q

atlas

A

C1

22
Q

axis

A

C2

23
Q

dens

A

verticle projection on the top of the axis that links to the atlas

24
Q

Effects of aging on joints

Part 1

A

Decreased production of synovial fluid
Articular cartilage becomes thinner
Ligaments shorten and lose some flexibility
Effects vary and are affected by genetic factors as well as wear and tear

25
Q

Effects of aging on joints

Part 2

A

Degenerative changes may begin as early as age 20 but is unusual

By age 80 there is typically some degeneration of knees, elbows, hips and shoulder

Males commonly develop kyphosis in spine or hunched posture

After age 70 nearly everyone has some evidence of osteoarthritis

26
Q

kyphosis

males versus females

A

males higher rate of ankylosing spondylitis

females higher rate of osteoporosis

27
Q

Arthritis

A

arth: joint; itis: inflammation

The inflammation of the joints, joints are swollen, stiff and painful.

Afflicts about 45 million people in the US

28
Q

3 types of arthritis

A

Rheumatoid arthritis - RA

Osteoarthritis - OA or DJD

Gouty arthritis

29
Q

Rheumatism

Defined

A

Any painful disorder of the supporting structures of the bone - bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles– that is not caused by infection or injury

30
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

RA is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks it’s own cartilage and joint lining.
Characterized by inflammation of the joint which causes swelling, pain and loss of function usually bilaterally

31
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA and DJD)

A

A degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost.

Commonly known as wear and tear arthritis

Leading cause of disability in older persons

32
Q

Gouty arthritis

A

A dysfunction of uric acid metabolism in which sodium urate crystals are deposited in the soft tissues of the joints. The crystals irritate and erode the cartilage causing inflammation, swelling, and acute pain. If untreated, the crystals destroy all joint tissues, articulating bones fuse

33
Q

Rotator cuff injury

A

Commonly involves vigorous circumduction

Most often torn superaspinatus tendon because of location between the head of the humerus and acromion of the scapula

34
Q

Tennis elbow injury

A

Pain at or near the lateral epicondyle (extensiors)

35
Q

Golfers elbow injury

A

Pain at or near the medial epicondyle (flexors)

36
Q

Separated shoulder

A

Injury of the Acromioclavicular joint, most often happens with forceful trauma, like hitting the ground

37
Q

Sprain

A

Damage to ligaments

38
Q

Strain

A

Damage to muscle and tendons

Knee joint most vulnerable

39
Q

Swollen knee

A

Escape of blood from damaged vessels

40
Q

Rupture medial/tibial collateral ligaments

A

From a lateral blow

Common in football

42
Q

ACL tear

A

Displacement of the tibia anteriorly in relation to the femur from hyperextension

Anatomy & Physiology I (22 decks)

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