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A&P II > A&P 2.16 > Flashcards

A&P 2.16 Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane potential

A

Difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane caused by differing concentrations of ions

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2
Q

Resting membrane potential

A
  • 70 mV. Inside number. Outside are different numbers
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3
Q

Local potential

A

Minor shifts from resting potential but no action potential

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4
Q

Excitation

A

When sodium triggers gated channels to open and allow sodium into the cell causing depolarization Moving toward - 70 mV

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5
Q

Structures of the nervous system

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - nerves and sensory receptors

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6
Q

Basic divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS

PNS - SNS & ANS

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7
Q

SNS

A

Somatic - skin, skeletal muscles, fascia and joints

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8
Q

ANS

A

Autonomic - viscera, blood vessels, smooth muscles

Sympathetic - fight or flight

Parasympathetic - rest or digest

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9
Q

Motor Effectors of the somatic divisions

A

Skin
Skeletal muscles
Fascia
Joints

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10
Q

Motor Effectors of the autonomic divisions

A

Smooth muscle - organs- viscera
Cardiac muscles
Glands

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11
Q

Major functions of the ANS

A

To regulate everything that is not skeletal muscle (smooth muscles, glands, cardiac ) via the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

TO INCREASE TONE IN ONE DIVISION YOU MUST DECREASE TONE IN THE OTHER

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12
Q

Most structures in the ANS are

A

Dually innervated

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13
Q

Autonomic effector tissues and organs

A

Viscera - organs

Eyes
Heart
Respiratory structures
Blood vessels
Liver
Digestive glands
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14
Q

Motor pathways of the somatic divisions

A

Motor neuron runs from CNS and synapses directly with skeletal muscle fiber

ACh always neurotransmitter

Excitatory - contraction always

Voluntary

ONE NEURON

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15
Q

Motor pathways of the autonomic division

A

Motor neuron from CNS to another motor neuron (ganglion) to synapse with autonomic effector (2 synapses)

ACh (acetylcholine ) or NE (norepinephrine ) neurotransmitter

Excitatory or inhibitoryInvoluntary

TWO SYNAPSES

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16
Q

Ganglia

A

A group of neural cell bodies found in the PNS

17
Q

Ganglia are necessary because

A

So many different target tissues are affected all at one time in the ANS due to parasympathetic and sympathetic

18
Q

The ANS has how many synapses?

A

2 - two motor neurons

Preganglionic and post ganglionic

19
Q

1st synapse uses what neurotransmitter

A

ACh used in both sympathetic and parasympathetic

20
Q

Neurotransmitter used in 2nd synapse

A

Sympathetic uses NE because it is longer lasting and will maintain fight or flight longer

Parasympathetic uses ACh and is short lived

21
Q

Pre and post ganglionic nerves allow the body to

A

Affect multiple target tissues at multiple levels at the same time with the release of limited neurotransmitters

22
Q

Two different efferent divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

23
Q

Structure of sympathetic division

A

Pre ganglionic neurons arise from spinal nerves T1-L3 (thoracolumbar division)

Ganglia are close to the spinal cord

Pre ganglionic neurons are short and synapse with MANY post-ganglionic fibers: DIVERGENT

Post-ganglionic neurons are LONG and go to MANY effectors

24
Q

Sympathetic chain

A

Sympathetic ganglia - chain of ganglia near spine

25
Q

Structure of the parasympathetic division

A

Pre-ganglionic neurons arise from the cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and spinal nerves from S2-S4 (craniosacral division)

Ganglia are FAR from the spinal cord (close to the effectors)

Pre-ganglionic neurons are LONG and synapse with FEW post-ganglionic fibers: CONVERGENT

Post-ganglionic neurons are SHORT and go to a SINGLE effector

26
Q

Sympathetic division response

A

Pupils dilate

Heart rate, force (contraction), and bp increase

Respiratory passages dilate

Blood vessels to GI tract and kidneys constrict

Blood vessels to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, brain, liver and adipose tissue dilate

Liver cells BREAK DOWN glycogen into glucose and release glucose into the blood

Nonessential activities are inhibited (e.g. Salivary and other digestive secretions, GI tract mobility)

27
Q

Parasympathetic division response

A

Pupils constrict

Heart rate, force (contraction) and BP decreases

Respiratory passages constrict

Blood vessels supplying GI tract and kidneys dilate

Blood vessels to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, brain, liver, and adipose tissue constrict

Liver cells SYNTHESIZE glycine from glucose and absorb glucose from the blood

Salivary and other digestive secretions and GI tract mobility are stimulated

28
Q

Somatic versus Autonomic

effectors

A

S - skeletal muscles

A - cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

29
Q

Somatic versus Autonomic

type of control

A

S - mainly voluntary

A - mainly involentary

30
Q

Somatic versus Autonomic

neural pathway

A

S - one motor neuron: extends from CNS and synapses directly with a skeletal muscle fiber

A- two motor neurons: one from CNS to ganglion, one from ganglion to effector

31
Q

Somatic versus Autonomic

neurotransmitter

A

S - acetychlorine

A - acetychlorine or norepinephrine

32
Q

Somatic versus Autonomic

action of neurotransmitter on effector

A

S - always exicitory

A - excitory or inhibitory

A&P II (2 decks)

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