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ACP Fall 2023 > A/P CH. 3 - Cells > Flashcards

A/P CH. 3 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the plasma membrane

A

Forms the cells flexible outer surface, selective barrier that regulates flow of materials in and out of the cell, plays a key role in communicating with other cells.

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2
Q

Function of the cytoplasm

A

Consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus. Has two components, cytosol and organelles. Cytosol is the fluid portion, contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles. Organelles have specific characteristics and functions.

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3
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Large organelle that houses most of the cells DNA. Within the nucleus each chromosome, a single molecule of DNA associated with several proteins, contains thousands of hereditary units called genes.

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4
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane resembles a continually moving sea of fluid lipids that contains a mosaic of many different proteins.

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5
Q

What is the basic structural framework of the plasma membrane?

A

The lipid bilayer.

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6
Q

What makes up the lipid bilayer?

A

Two back to back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules. Phospholipids 75%, cholesterol 20%, glycolipids 5%.

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7
Q

Amphipathic molecules in bilayer

A

molecules in bilayer have polar and non-polar parts, resulting in a specific arrangement. Head = hydrophilic, polar. Tail = hydrophobic, non-polar.

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8
Q

Integral proteins

A

Extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded. Most integral proteins are transmembrane proteins, meaning they span the entire lipid bilayer.

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9
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Not as firmly embedded in the membrane. Attached to the polar heads of the membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer membrane surface.

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10
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid.

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11
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary coat. Acts as a unique signature / identifier.

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12
Q

Ion channels

A

Selective channels formed by integral proteins only specific ions can pass through.

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13
Q

Carriers

A

Integral proteins that selectively move a polar substance or ion across cellular membrane. AKA transporters.

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14
Q

Receptors

A

Cellular recognition sites that bind to a specific molecule. A specific molecule that binds to a receptor is called a ligand.

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15
Q

Linkers

A

Integral proteins that anchor proteins in the plasma membrane to other cells.

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16
Q

Cell identity markers

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids that enable a cell to recognize other cells or respond to dangerous foreign cells.

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17
Q

Selective permeability

A

Lipid bilayer is highly permeable to non-polar molecules such as O2 and CO2, moderately permeable to small, uncharged polar molecules such as water and urea, and impermeable to ions and large, uncharged polar molecules, such as glucose.

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18
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Integral membrane proteins assist specific substances across the membrane. Can be a membrane channel or a carrier.

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19
Q

Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Solute moves down its concentration gradient across the lipid bilayer through a membrane channel.

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20
Q

Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier moves a solute down its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane.

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21
Q

Tonicity

A

Measure of the solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.

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22
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Equal concentration inside / outside of the cell.

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23
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the cell.

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24
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside of the cell.

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25
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cell eating”. Cell engulfs large solid particles such as worn out cells.

26
Q

Endocytosis

A

Movement of substances into a cell in vesicles.

27
Q

Exocytosis

A

Movement of substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid.

28
Q

Centrosome

A

Pair of centrioles plus pericentriolar matrix

29
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

Motile cell surface projections that contain 20 microtubules and a basal body.

30
Q

Ribosome

A

Composed of two subunits containing ribosomal RNA and proteins, may be free in cytosol or attached to rough ER. Protein synthesis.

31
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Membranous network of flattened sacs or tubules. Rough ER is covered by ribosomes and is attached to the nuclear envelope; smooth ER lacks ribosomes.

32
Q

Rough ER

A

Synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred to cellular organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis.

33
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, inactivates or detoxifies drugs, removes phosphate group from glucos-6-phosphate, and stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells.

34
Q

Golgi complex

A

Consists of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. Accepts proteins from rough ER.

35
Q

Lysosome

A

Vesicle formed from Golgi complex, contains digestive enzymes.

36
Q

Peroxisome

A

Vesicle containing oxidases and catalase. Oxides amino acids and fatty acids, detoxifies harmful substances.

37
Q

Proteasome

A

Tiny barrel shaped structure that contains proteases. Degrades unneeded proteins.

38
Q

Mitochondrion

A

External and internal mitochondrial membrane. Produce most of ATP.

39
Q

Nucleus

A

Consists of a nuclear envelope with pores, nucleoli, and chromosomes, which exist as a tangled mass of chromatin in interphase cells.

40
Q

Interphase

A

Period between cell divisions, chromosomes not visible under light microscope.

41
Q

G1 phase

A

Metabolically active cell duplicates most of its organelles and cytosolic components; replication of chromosomes begins. Cells that are in G1 for a long time and never divide are considered to be in G0 phase.

42
Q

S phase

A

Replication of DNA and centrosomes.

43
Q

G2 phase

A

Cell growth, enzyme and protein synthesis continue, replication of centrosomes complete.

44
Q

Mitotic phase

A

Parent cell produces identical cells with identical chromosomes; chromosomes visible under light microscope.

45
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear division; distribution of two sets of chromosomes into separate nuclei.

46
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids; nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear; each centrosome moves to an opposite pole of the cell.

47
Q

Metaphase

A

Centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate.

48
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split; identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell.

49
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear; chromosomes resume chromatin form; mitotic spindle disappears.

50
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasmic division; contractile ring forms cleavage furrow around center of cell, dividing cytoplasm into separate and equal portions.

51
Q

Meiosis

A

Productive cell division, occurs in two successive stages, net result is four haploid gametes that are genetically different from original diploid starting cell.

52
Q

Anaplasia

A

Loss of tissue differentiation and function that is a characteristic of most malignancies.

53
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue organ.

54
Q

Dysplasia

A

Alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation.

55
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to an increase in the frequency of cell division.

56
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size without cell divison.

57
Q

Metaplasia

A

Transformation of one type of cell into another.

58
Q

Progeny

A

Offspring or descendants.

59
Q

Proteomics

A

Study of all of an organisms proteins.

60
Q
A

ACP Fall 2023 (8 decks)

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