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ACP Fall 2023 > A/P CH 4 - Tissues and Membranes > Flashcards

A/P CH 4 - Tissues and Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

group of cells that usually have a common function to carry out specialized activities.

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2
Q

Histology

A

Science of the study of tissues.

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3
Q

Pathologist

A

A physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses.

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4
Q

4 Basic tissue types

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands.

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6
Q

Connective tissue

A

protects and supports the body and its organs. Binds organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide the body with immunity to disease causing organisms.

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7
Q

Muscular tissue

A

composed of specialized cells for contraction and generation of force, generates heat that warms the body.

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8
Q

Nervous tissue

A

detects internal and external changes, responds by generating nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscle contractions and glandular secretions.

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9
Q

Biopsy

A

removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination.

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10
Q

Cell junctions

A

contact points between plasma membranes of tissue cells.

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11
Q

Tight junctions

A

weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells. I.E. epithelial tissue that lines stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder.

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12
Q

Adherens junctions

A

contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Transmembrane proteins called cadherins join the cells.

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13
Q

Adhesion belts

A

In epithelial cells, adherens junctions often form extensive zones called adhesion belts because they encircle the cell similar to a waist belt. Help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities.

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14
Q

Desmosomes

A

Plaque attaches to intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton, which consist of keratin. Prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction.

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15
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

resemble desmosomes, but do not link adjacent cells. Look like half of a desmosome. Transmembrane glycoproteins are integrins rather than cadherins. Anchor cells not to each other but to the basement membrane.

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16
Q

Gap junctions

A

membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells. Plasma membrane of gap junctions are not fused together but separated by a very narrow intracellular gap. Allows ions and small molecules to diffuse between cells, but prevents passage of large molecules. Transfer of nutrients in avascular tissue, nerve or muscle impulses.

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17
Q

Apical surface of epithelial tissue

A

Faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen of an internal organ, or tubular duct that receives cell secretions.

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18
Q

Lateral surface of epithelial tissue

A

face adjacent cells on either side, may contain tight junctions, desmosomes, and or gap junctions.

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19
Q

Basal surface of epithelial tissue

A

opposite of apical surface. Deepest layer, adhere to extracellular materials such as the basement membrane, anchored by hemidesmosomes.

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20
Q

Basement membrane

A

Anchor epithelium to underlying connective tissue. Surface for cells to migrate during growth or healing, restrict passage of larger molecules, filter blood in kidneys. thin extracellular layer, commonly consists of two layers, basil lamina and reticular lamina.

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21
Q

How does epithelial tissue get nutrients?

A

It is avascular, so it relies on blood vessels of adjacent connective tissue.

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22
Q

Covering / lining epithelium

A

Forms outer covering of the skin and some internal organs. Forms inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, and interior of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

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23
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Makes up the secreting portion of glands such as thyroid gland, adrenal glands, sweat glands, and digestive glands.

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24
Q

Simple epithelium

A

single layer of cells, diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption.

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25
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

appears to have multiple layers since nuclei lie at different levels, but does not, actually simple. All its cells rest on the basement membrane.

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26
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

two or more layers that protect underlying tissue in places where there is lots of wear and tear.

27
Q

Squamous cells

A

thin, allows for rapid passage of substances.

28
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

cubes, may have microvilli at apical surface and function in secretion or absorption.

29
Q

Columnar cells

A

taller than wide, protect underlying tissues, apical surface may have cilia or microvilli, often specialized for secretion / absorption.

30
Q

Transitional cells

A

change shape, from squamous to cuboidal and back, organs such as the bladder stretch.

31
Q

Unicellular glands

A

single celled glands, i.e. goblet cells secrete mucus onto apical surface of a lining epithelium.

32
Q

Multicellular glands

A

many cells, sweat, oil, and salivary glands

33
Q

Merocrine glands

A

secretions are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER, processed, sorted and packaged by golgi complex, released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis. Salivary glands and pancreas.

34
Q

Apocrine glands

A

accumulate secretory product on apical surface, then that portion of the cell pinches off via exocytosis to release secretions. Milk fats in mammary glands, sweat glands.

35
Q

Holocrine glands

A

accumulate secretory product in cytosol, until it ruptures. Sebaceous (oil) glands.

36
Q

Types of connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, leukocytes

37
Q

Fibroblasts

A

large, flat cells with branching processes. Present in all general connective tissue.

38
Q

Macrophages

A

phagocytes that develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell.

39
Q

Plasma cells

A

found in many places in the body, but most reside in connective tissue.

40
Q

Mast cells

A

involved in inflammatory response, can also bind to and kill bacteria.

41
Q

Adipocytes

A

fat cells, store triglycerides.

42
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells, not numerous in connective tissue, but migrate from blood to connective tissue in certain conditions.

43
Q

Ground substance

A

component of a connective tissue between cells and fibers. Supports cells, binds them together, stores water, provides a medium for exchange between blood and cells. Plays an active role in how tissue develops, and how it carries out metabolic functions.

44
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Found in ground substance. Proteoglycans (trap water), hyaluronic acid (binds and lubricates), chondroitin sulfate
(support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels), also dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate.

45
Q

Fibronectin

A

main adhesion protein in ground substance.

46
Q

3 types of fibers in extracellular matrix

A

collagen (glue), elastic fibers, reticular fibers.

47
Q

Chondrocytes

A

cells of mature cartilage

48
Q

Cartilage

A

dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers.

49
Q

Osteon

A

basic unit of compact bone.

50
Q

4 parts of oseton

A

Lamellae (give bone strength), lacunae (contain osteocytes), canaliculi (routes for nutrients), central canal (blood vessels and nerves).

51
Q

Spongy bone

A

lacks osteons, rather it consists of columns of bone called trabeculae.

52
Q

Blood tissue

A

liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma and formed elements.

53
Q

Blood plasma

A

pale yellow fluid, mostly water and dissolved substances.

54
Q

Formed elements

A

suspended in blood plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)

55
Q

Lymph

A

extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels. Similar to blood plasma but with less protein.

56
Q

Mucous membranes

A

lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior, i.e. digestive tract, respiratory, reproductive, urinary.

57
Q

Serous membranes

A

lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior. Parietal layer - attached to cavity wall, visceral layer - adheres to organs.

58
Q

Cutaneous membranes

A

skin, epidermis and dermis.

59
Q

Synovial membranes

A

place where bones come together. Lack epithelium, not epithelial membranes like the other ones. Synoviocytes secrete synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish cartilage.

60
Q

Excitable cells

A

neurons and muscle fibers, exhibit electrical excitability.

61
Q

Tissue repair

A

new cells originate from stroma (connective tissue), or from parenchyma (functioning organ cells)

62
Q

Fibrosis

A

formation of scar tissue from fibroblasts synthesizing collagen and other extracellular materials.

63
Q

Granulation tissue

A

actively growing tissue after extensive damage.

64
Q

Lupus

A

chronic inflammation of connective tissue

ACP Fall 2023 (8 decks)

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