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bio A: unity and diversity > a2.2- cell structure > Flashcards

a2.2- cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

advantages of electron microscopy [2]

A
  • higher range of magnification (can detect smaller structures)
  • higher resolution
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2
Q

disadvantages of electron microscopy

A
  • specimen need to die
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3
Q

why electron microscopy have higher resolution

A
  • shorter wavelength
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4
Q

freeze fracture

A

cut in half → spray metal
- see inside of membrane

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5
Q

cryogenic electron microscopy

A

see proteins with atomic precision- can design drugs that fit into them

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6
Q

florescent stains

A

bright colours- see it clearer

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7
Q

immunofluorescence

A

tagging antibodies

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8
Q

structures common to cells in all living organisms [2]

A
  1. DNA as genetic material
  2. cytoplasm enclosed by plasma membrane composed of lipids
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9
Q

use of plasma membrane

A

separating the interior from its surrounding

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10
Q

functions of cytoskeleton [3]

A
  1. helps maintain cell shape
  2. organises cell parts
  3. enables cells to move and divide
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11
Q

components of cytoskeleton

A
  1. microtubules (movement)
  2. actin filaments (movement)
  3. intermediate filaments (structural)
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12
Q

process of life in unicellular organisms

A

metabolism
reproduction
homeostasis
growth
response to stimuli
excretion
nutrition

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13
Q

difference between eukaryotes (animals, plant and fungi)

A

see table

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14
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A
  • explains the existence of several organelles of eukaryotes
  • originated as symbioses between separate single-celled organisms
  • eukaryotic organisms engulfed by a prokaryotic cell, was not digested
  • remained inside host cell, carrying out aerobic respiration and providing energy to their host cells, evolving into mitochondria.
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15
Q

evidence suggests

A
  • all eukaryotes evolved from common ancestor that had a nucleus and reproduced sexually
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16
Q

evidence is… [4]

A

MAD DRS
Membranes
- double membrane
- inner membrane has proteins similar to prokaryotes
Antibiotics
- susceptible to antibiotics (chloramphenicol)
- organelles may have bacterial origins
Division
- reproduction occurs via a fission-like process
- only through division of pre-existing mitochondria and chloroplasts
DNA
- own DNA: naked and circular
- like prokaryotic DNA structure
- transcribe their DNA
- use the mRNA to synthesise some of their own proteins
Ribosomes
- 70S
- similar to prokaryotes
Size
- similar size to bacteria

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17
Q

cell differentiation

A
  • development of a cell to carry out specific functions
  • different patterns of gene expression: often triggered by changes in the environment
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18
Q

advantages of multicellularity

A
  1. larger body size
  2. cell specialisation
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19
Q

name of polymers which forms part of the cytoskeleton

A

tubulin

20
Q

that do not conform to the idea of the standard notion of a cell

A
  1. striated muscle fibres
  2. aseptate fungal hyphae
  3. red blood cell
  4. phloem sieve tube
  5. giant algae
21
Q

striated muscle fibres (why not standard cell)

A
  • multiple nuclei surrounded by a single, continuous plasma membrane
    challenges: cells always function as autonomous units
22
Q

asephate fungal hyphae

A
  • each aseptate hyphae is an uninterrupted tube-like structure with many nuclei spread along it
23
Q

red blood cell

A

no nucleus

24
Q

phloem sieve tube element

A
  • considered living cels without a nucleus
  • nucleus of companion cells controls their functional activities
25
Q

giant algae

A
  • may grow to very large sizes
    challenges- larger organisms are always made of many microscopic cells
26
Q

visible cell feature under light microscope- bacteria [2]

A
  1. cell wall (stained)
  2. flagella (stained)
27
Q

visible cell feature under light microscope- protist (amoeba) [2]

A
  1. nucleus
  2. vacuole
28
Q

why growing cells tend to divide and remain small

A

maintain high SA:vol ratio- fast exchange of nutrients

29
Q

visible cell feature under light microscope- animal cell

A
  1. nucleus
  2. mitochondria (stained)
30
Q

emergent properties

A
  • a property in which a collection or complex system had but the individual members do not have
  • interaction between parts produce more complex function than individually work together
    eg. grped cells -> tissues, grped tissues- > organs
31
Q

protista

A
  • eukaryote
  • unicellular/ multicellular
  • no specialised tissue
32
Q

fungi

A
  • cell wall made of chitin
  • obtain nutrition via heterotrophic absorption
33
Q

plantae

A
  • cell wall made of cellulose
  • obtain nutrients autotrophically
34
Q

animalia

A
  • no cell wall
  • obtain nutrition via heterotrophic ingestion
35
Q

factors that determine how a cell develops [4]

A
  1. position
  2. hormones
  3. cell to cell signals
  4. chemicals
36
Q

why cell division is necessary [5]

A
  1. more cells needed for growth
  2. replacement
  3. cells specialise
  4. cells have to divide when they reach a certain size
  5. SA:vol ratio + nutrients cant be absorbed quickly enough
37
Q

nucleosome

A

DNA molecule wrapped around a core of eight histone proteins held together by an additional histone protein attached to linker DNA

38
Q

evidence that living organisms are composed of cells

A
  1. living organisms are multicellular
  2. organelles are specialised and contribute to the functions for the whole cell
  3. cells multiply through cellular division
39
Q

resolution definition

A
  • ability to differentiate two objects in a microscope
  • ability of a microscope to distinguish details of a specimen
40
Q

ultrastructure definition

A

structure of the cell as observed under the electron microscope

41
Q

formation of the nucleus

A
  • nucleoid region enclosed in the internal membrane- becomes the nucleus
42
Q

development of mitochondria

A
  1. aerobic proteobacterium enters a larger anaerobic prokaryote (as prey or parasite)
  2. survives digestion- becomes valuable endosymbiont
  3. aerobic proteobacterium provides rich source of ATP to its host- enables it to out-compete the other anaerobic prokaryotes
  4. host cell grows and divides so does the aerobic proteobacterium
  5. subsequent generations- contain aerobic proteobacterium
  6. aerobic proteobacterium evolves and is assimilated to become a mitochondrion
43
Q

advantages of cell differentiation [2]

A
  1. helps the body to carry out very specific functions efficiently
  2. helps the organisms acquire specialisation for survival
44
Q

in which type of cells is the entire genome active

A

embryotic cell

45
Q

how newly formed cells become specialised

A

transcription regulators
- some genes turned on or off
- depends on the specialisation and location of cell during embryotic stage

46
Q

organelles both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have

A
  1. cell membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. ribosomes
  4. genetic material

bio A: unity and diversity (5 decks)

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