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Abdomen > Abdomen Review 3 > Flashcards

Abdomen Review 3 Flashcards

1
Q

List the main structures of the urinary tract:

A

Kidneys secrete urine➡️ureters carry urine out of kidneys➡️urinary bladder ➡️urethra the tube that carries out urinary bladder to surface of the body

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2
Q

Kidneys are obliquely placed in ________ cavity.

A

Retro peritoneal

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3
Q

What is the potential space between the right liver edge and the right kidney called?

A

Morrisons pouch

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4
Q

List the three supportive layers around the kidney:

A

1: renal capsule (inner most)
2: perinephric fat (middle layer)
3: gerota fissure (outermost layer)

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5
Q

What are the three subdivisions of renal parenchyma?

A

Renal cortex, medulla, renal pelvis.

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6
Q

What are the contents of cortex, medulla and renal sinus?

A

Renal cortex: nephrons, glomerus capsule.

Medulla: pyramids

Sinus: vessels, nerves, arteries, veins, lymph and fibrous tissue.

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7
Q

What is the USA of cortex? Medulla? Renal sinus?

A

Cortex: hypoechoic

Medulla: anechoic

Renal sinus: hyperechoic➡️echogenic

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8
Q

What is the normal size of the kidney?

A

9-12 cm in length.

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9
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is known as_____.

A

Nephron

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10
Q

________ arterioles bring the blood in the glomerulus capsule/ bowmans capsule and _________ arterioles drain the capsule.

A

Afferent, efferent.

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11
Q

What is the passage of urine from the glomerulus capsule to urethra?

A

Glomerulus: loop of henle- main collecting duct- minor calyces- major calyces- renal pelvis- then urinary bladder.

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12
Q

List the branches of the renal artery as it enters the kidney:

A

Main renal artery- segmental artery- interlobar artery- arc hate artery- interlobular- arcuate

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13
Q

Define the main renal functions:

A
  • excretion of waste products from the blood.
  • urine production and excretion.
  • influences blood pressure, blood volume, balance of fat and h2o.
  • regulates electrolytes Na, k, Ci
  • controls blood concentration
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14
Q

What are the LAB values related to the renal dysfunction?

A

Urine test: hematuria, pyuria, protein urial, PH levels.

Blood tests: BUN- blood Uria nitrogen
-serum creatinin

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15
Q

Column of Bertin:

A

Hypertrophied.

Prominent inward extension of cortical tissue into medullary section of kidney.

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16
Q

Dromedary hump:

A

(Camel hump) cortical bulge on lateral aspect of left kidney.

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17
Q

Pelvic kidney:

A

Ectopic kidney is positioned in pelvic and didn’t ascend in the renal fossa.

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18
Q

Supernumerary kidney:

A

Represents complete duplication of the kidney.

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19
Q

Renal agenesis:

A

Absence of one kidney most common in men.

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20
Q

Horseshoe kidney:

A

Kidneys are placed lower than normal position closer to the midline.

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21
Q

APKD:

A

Adult poly cystic kidney disease. Enlarged kidneys.

Genetic disorder associated with Berrys aneurysm. Usually bilateral but a progressive disease leading to hypertension.

22
Q

IPKD

A

Infantile poly cystic disease. Fatal genetic disorder. Kidneys will be prominent.

23
Q

MCKD

A

Kidneys may be functioning normally but have multiple cysts due to instruction. Can be fatal if bilateral.

24
Q

UTI

A

Urinary tract infection. Invasion of pathogenic organisms commonly bacteria in the structures of the urinary tract especially the urethra, bladder then leads to kidneys.

25
Q

RCC

A

Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

Most common renal cancer. Usually unilateral. Caused by dialysis over 3 years +, smoking, cancer. Variable appearance, calcified, hemorrhagic, necrosis.

26
Q

Pyonephrosis

A

Pus in he renal pelvis. Can cause obstruction, infection, urinary stasis

27
Q

Acute pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the renal sinus. Mainly caused by UTI infection. Causes retrograde bacterial flow, fever, plank pain urinary frequency, pyouria, dysuria. USA=enlarged kidneys, hyperechoic

28
Q

Angiomyolipoma

A

Common benign neoplasms made up of fat, muscle fibers, blood vessels.

29
Q

Mesoblastic nephroma

A

Tumor made up of immature cells. Benign mass in infants. Palpatable mass. High blood pressure.

30
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Dilation of collecting system caused by obstruction in the urine flow. Can be bilateral depending on level of obstruction.

Grade 1: mild dilation of renal pelvis.

       2: moderate- dilation of renal pelvis and        calyces.
       3: severe: most of kidney is filled with fluid, thin cortex
31
Q

UPJ obstruction

A

Urethral pelvic junction. Narrowing of the ureter, below renal pelvis. Renal pelvis dilates over time.

32
Q

Wilm’s tumor

A

Nephroblastoma.

Symptoms: palpable mass, hematouria.
Second most common tumor in children.

33
Q

Staghorn calculus:

A

Large stone in the renal pelvis can cause infection.

34
Q

What are the USA of an early stage renal disease?

A

Early: hyperechoic echo texture.

35
Q

List the congenital, intrinsic and extrinsic causes of obstructive renal diseases?

A

Congenital: posterior urethral valve obstruction, urethral fixtures, bladder and neck obstruction.
intrinsic: stones, nephrolithiasis, stagon calculus, Blood clot, tumor, and pus.
Extrinsic: fibroids, ovarian tumors, prosthetic growth, benign prosthetic hypertrophy, pregnancy and trauma

36
Q

List the metastatic sites RCC can be invaded into for tumor extension.

A

Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, adrenal gland, other kidney, and IVC

37
Q

RCC can be metastasized through ___ and _________ system.

A

IVC, lymphatic.

38
Q

What do you do when you find a solid mass?

A
  • check texture in grayscale
  • put color on to check vascularity
  • Measure in both planes
  • check in metastatic sites
  • document for radiologist
39
Q

Where is the transplanted kidney placed?

A

Superficial and right iliac fossa

40
Q

What kind of fluid collections can be found around or adjacent to a recently transplanted kidney?

A

Urinoma, lymphocele, hematoma, perinephric abscess

41
Q

What is the resistive index used for?

A

To assess arterial resistance. Normal size is less than .7 cm

42
Q

What is the formula for calculating resistive index?

A

RI= psv-edv/ psv

43
Q

Why is the baseline ultrasound examination of a transplanted kidney performed?

A

To rule out rejection of transplant, to see fluid collection around the kidney and to see size, texture, and bloodflow.

44
Q

If one kidney is ____ smaller than the contra lateral kidney that indicates renal artery ____________

A

2cm, stenosis or occlusion.

45
Q

What are the sonographic signs of renal transplant rejection?

A

Abnormal increase in renal size more than 13 mm. Prominent renal pyramids. Increased echogenicity and thickness of cortex. Lobulation’s of renal border from localized swelling. Lack of distinction. High resistive index more than .9 cm.

46
Q

Trigone:

A

Two orifices of opening of ureter. One orifice of urethra.

47
Q

Cystitis:

A

Inflammation of bladder wall due to UTI, stones, Mass, trauma.

48
Q

Ureterocele:

A

Dilated ureter seen inside the bladder. Duplex collecting system.

49
Q

Papilloma:

A

Benign superficial tumor of the urinary Wall that may multiply and become cancerous.

50
Q

TCC:

A

Transitional cell carcinoma starting from bladder and can go to kidneys. Most common primary neoplasm.

51
Q

Detrusor Arreflexia:

A

Bladder is enlarged with thin walls and does not completely empty with urination.

52
Q

Detrusor hyperflexia:

A

Urinary bladder may be small with thick irregular wall and frequent urination.

Abdomen (3 decks)

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