Abdomen Review 4 Flashcards
Where are the adrenal glands embedded into and located in relation to the kidney?
Anterior, medial, superior and embedded in perinephric fat
Is the adrenal gland intra or retro peritoneal?
Retro peritoneal.
What are the two regions of adrenal glands?
Cortex is 90% and medulla is 10%
Are adrenal glands endocrine/exocrine in function?
Endocrine
What is produced by the cortex and what do they stimulate?
Produces aldosterone which regulates sodium levels and potassium. Produces cortisol which metabolizes fat, carbs, and proteins. Produces estrogen and androgen which is responsible for normal development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive organs.
What is produced by the medulla and what do they stimulate?
1) Produces epinephrine which increases heart rate, forces heart contractions, facilitates blood to muscle and brain helps in conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver .
2) produces norepinephrine which affects case construction increased blood pressure
Addison’s disease
Happening because of hypoadrenalism due to atrophy of adrenal gland.
-idiopathic of unknown cause
-lab: decreases cortical hormones aldosterone, cortisol, estrogen, and androgen
Clinical symptoms: fatigue, increased thirst with decreased sodium levels, discoloration of skin, GI tract disturbance due to poor function.
USA: small, hyperechoic gland.
Cushing syndrome
Over secretion of hyper function can be caused by pituitary tumor or adrenal cortical tumor.
Clinical: weakness, poor wound healing, hypertension due to increased sodium levels and water retention.
LAB: increased cortisol
USA: enlarged with variable echogenecity, mass near superior pole of kidney.
Conn’s syndrome
-hyper functioning due to adrenal glands.
-due to benign tumor caused by too much aldosterone
Clinical: uncontrolled hypertension
Lab: increased aldosterone, creatinin, BUN levels.
USA: hypoechoic mass
Pheuchromocytoma
Tumor arises from medulla and caused sustained hypertension, headaches, sweating, tachycardia, anxiety, nausea, and vomiting.
Clinical: headaches, persistent blood pressure or hypertension, dizziness, blurred vision, increased heart rate, highly vascular and heterogenous
Lab: increased adrenaline and noradrenaline
USA: variable appearing mass near upper pole of kidney.
Neuroblastoma
Highly malignant tumor found in children usually less then 4 years of age and is more common in males.
-arises from the adrenal medullary cells
-most common solid tumors of childhood and is usually unilateral
-metastatic disease that spreads rapidly to the lungs, lymph nodes, and bones.
Clinical: hypertension, decreases energy levels, rapid weight loss, frequent fever, pallor with skin thinning, palpable abdominal mass, episodes of headaches.
Functions of the lymph nodes
- formation of lymphocytes
- production or antibodies
- antibodies help in immune system
- filtering lymphatic fluid
List sites of lymphadenopathy:
- para aorta/upper abdomen
- surrounding aorta
- lumbar to lateral aorta
- retro aortic to posterior to aorta
- pre aortic to anterior to aorta
Where is the location of the spleen in the body?
Inteperitoneal between the left hemi-diaphragm and left hypochondrium.
-anterior lateral to kidney.
Two types of lymphomas?
Hodgkin’s disease: occur 40% of the time. Malignant but with good prognosis and high cure rate. Affects makes more than females. Oxford between ages 15-34.
USA: enlarged lymph nodes, splenomegaly.
Non- Hodgkin’s disease: occurs 60% of the time. Malignant tumor and poor prognosis. Heterogenous group of diseases that consist of neoplastic proliferation of lymph cells that disseminate throughout the body.
