AC 2.1

Question 1

What does values mean?

Answer 1

Principles or standards of behaviour

Question 2

What does norms mean?

Answer 2

Rules or expectation that are socially enforced

Question 3

What does moral codes mean?

Answer 3

What is regarded as good behaviour

Question 4

What does positive sanctions mean?

Answer 4

Rewards given for conforming to norms

Question 5

What does negative sanctions mean?

Answer 5

Punishment for violating norms

Question 6

What does formal sanctions mean?

Answer 6

A punishment or reward for breaking a law or written rule

Question 7

What does informal sanctions mean?

Answer 7

A punishment or reward for breaking an informal rule

Question 8

How is behaviour controlled in society today?

Answer 8

Behaviour in society is influenced by a combination of formal institutions

Question 9

What does id mean?

Answer 9

It represents the primitive and instinctual part of the mind driven by basic desires and needs
Seeking immediate gratification

Question 10

What does ego mean?

Answer 10

The rational, reality-oriented part of the mind
It mediates between the impulsive desires of the id and the moral constraints of the superego striving to find a balance

Question 11

What does superego mean?

Answer 11

The moral and ethical aspect, incorporating societal values and standards
It strives for perfection, often leading to feelings of guilt when one’s actions deviate from these standards

Question 12

How does psychodynamic theory explain criminality?

Answer 12

Criminal behaviour may be seen as a result of imbalances or conflicts within the id, ego and superego

Question 13

What does socialisation mean?

Answer 13

The process through which individuals learn the norms and values of society, leading to social cohesion and a functional society

Question 14

What is meant by the idea that we ‘internalise social rule’?

Answer 14

Individuals incorporate societal norms, values and expectations into their belief systems and behaviour, shaping their identity

Question 15

What does rational ideology mean?

Answer 15

People have an idea of what is right and wrong, having internalised social rules

Question 16

What is the role of the police?

Answer 16

• Investigate crimes
• Uphold the law
• Arrest and detain
• Conduct searches

Question 17

What is the role of the CPS?

Answer 17

Focuses on evaluating that evidence and do the full code test

Question 18

What is the role of the judges and magistrates?

Answer 18

The powers to punish criminals according to the law

Question 19

What is the role of the prison service?

Answer 19

They can detain prisoners against their will for the duration of their sentence
punish misbehaviour

Question 20

What does coercion mean?

Answer 20

The use of force to achieve a desired outcome
It is used by external agencies to seek social control

Question 21

How does coercion prevent further crime?

Answer 21

Prisons use coercion and threat of loss of liberty

Question 22

What does deterrence mean?

Answer 22

The use of punishment as a threat to stop people from offending

Question 23

What do right realism say about fear of punishment?

Answer 23

They argue that the fear of being caught and punishment is what ensures people obey the law

Question 24

What are the types of deterrence?

Answer 24

1. Individual deterrence
2. General deterrence

Question 25

What is control theory?

Answer 25

The idea that delinquency occurs when an individual’s bond to society is weak or broken

Question 26

How many elements does Hirschi identify as being vital in an individual’s bond to society?

Answer 26

4

Question 27

What elements does Hirschi identify as being vital in an individual’s bond to society?

Answer 27

1. Attachment
2. Commitment
3. Involvement
4. Beliefs

Question 28

How is attachment vital in creating a bond between an individual and society?

Answer 28

People have goals and activities they do in order to achieve these goals
This leads to conformity to society’s norms and values as deviance may mean they lose out on future opportunities

Question 29

How is commitment vital in creating a bond between an individual and society?

Answer 29

The interactions that people have with others within their community
Those committed to community are unlikely to want to go against the wishes of others

Question 30

How is involvement vital in creating a bond between an individual and society?

Answer 30

Involvement within the local community means people have fewer opportunity
People are aware of the potential damage that criminal behaviour can do to their community

Question 31

How is beliefs vital in creating a bond between an individual and society?

Answer 31

The individual’s commitment to the norms and values of society
This is dependent upon the socialisation of individuals into a value consensus

Question 32

What does Hirschi argue about the role of parents in crime?

Answer 32

The lack of discipline in childhood can lead to a lack of conformity to social norms in later life

Question 33

What do Riley and Shaw argue parents should be doing to prevent delinquency?

Answer 33

They found a lack of parental supervision was an important factor in delinquency
They argue parents should involve themselves in their teenagers lives and spend time with them

Question 34

What does containment mean?

Answer 34

Resisting criminal activity due to inner and outer containment

Question 35

What does inner containment mean?

Answer 35

The inner forces stem from moral and religious beliefs as well as a personal sense of right and wrong

Question 36

What does outer containment mean?

Answer 36

The outer forces come from external factors, including the laws of the society in which we live in