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Final review questions > Acid-Base Balance & Urinary > Flashcards

Acid-Base Balance & Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of the:

A) Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

B) artery and vein

C) Kidney and bladder

D) Proximal and distal convoluted tubules

A

A

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2
Q

Discharge of urine from the urinary bladder is called micturition.

T/F

A

T

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3
Q

The most superficial region of the internal kidney is the renal medulla.

T/F

A

T

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4
Q

When dilute urine is being formed, the osmolarity of the fluid in the tubular lumen increases as it flows down the descending limb of the loop of Henle, decreases as it flows up the ascending limb, and continues to decrease as it flows through the rest of the nephron and collecting duct.

T/F

A

F

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5
Q

Which of the following statements are correct?

  1. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly related to the pressures that determine net filtration pressure.
  2. Angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide help regulate GFR.
  3. Mechanisms that regulate GFR work by adjusting blood flow into and out of the glomerulus and by altering the glomerular capillary surface area available for filtration.
  4. GFR increases when blood flow into glomerular capillaries decreases.
  5. Normally, GFR increases very little when systemic blood pressure rises
A) 1,2, & 3
B) 2,3 & 4
C) 3,4, & 5
D) 1,2,3, & 5
E) 2,3,4, & 5
A

D

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6
Q

Which of the following hormones affect Na+, Cl–, Ca2+, and water reabsorption and K+ secretion by the renal tubules?

  1. Angiotensin II
  2. Aldosterone
  3. ADH
  4. Atrial natriuretic peptide
  5. Thyroid hormone
  6. Parathyroid hormone
A) 1, 3, & 5 
B) 2, 3, & 6
C) 2, 4, & 5
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5
E) 1, 2, 3, 4, & 6
A

E

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7
Q

Which of the following are features of the renal corpuscle that enhance its filtering capacity?

  1. Large glomerular capillary surface area
  2. Thick, selectively permeable filtration membrane
  3. High capsular hydrostatic pressure
  4. High glomerular capillary pressure
  5. Mesangial cells regulating the filtering surface area
A) 1, 2, & 3
B) 2, 4, & 5
C) 1, 4, & 5
D) 2, 3 ,& 4
E) 2, 3, & 5
A

C

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8
Q

Given the following values, calculate the net filtration pressure:

  1. Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure = 40 mmHg
  2. Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg
  3. Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 30 mmHg
A) 20 mmHg
B) 0 mmHg
C) 20 mmHg 	
D )60 mmHg
E) 80 mmHg
A

B

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9
Q

The micturition reflex:

  1. Is initiated by stretch receptors in the ureters
  2. Relies on parasympathetic impulses from the micturition center in S2 and S3
  3. Results in contraction of the detrusor muscle
  4. Results in contraction of the internal urethral sphincter muscle
  5. Inhibits motor neurons in the external urethral sphincter
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
B) 1, 3, and 4
C) 2, 3, 4, and 5
D) 2 and 5
E) 2, 3, and 5
A

E

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10
Q

Which of the following are mechanisms that control GFR?

  1. Renal autoregulation
  2. Neural regulation
  3. Hormonal regulation
  4. Chemical regulation of ions
  5. Presence or absence of a transporter
A) 1, 2, and 3			  	
B) 2, 3, and 4
C) 3, 4, and 5
D) 1, 3, and 5
E) 1, 3, and 4
A

A

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11
Q

Which of the following shows the correct order of blood flow from the renal artery to the glomerulus?

A) Interlobular arteries, arcuate arteries, segmental arteries, vasa recta, afferent arterioles

B) Segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles

C) Afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles, segmental arteries, interlobular arterioles

D) Arcuate arteries, afferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, efferent arterioles, vasa recta

A

B

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12
Q

Filtrate flows from the renal pelvis into the minor calyx, followed by the major calyx. It then flows into the ureter on the way to the urinary bladder.

T/F

A

F

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13
Q

Podocytes are:

A) Cells in the last portion of the distal convoluted tubule and in the collecting ducts; regulated by ADH and aldosterone

B) Pores in the glomerular endothelial cells that allow filtration of blood solutes but not blood cells and platelets

C) Cells of the final portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle that make contact with the afferent arteriole

D) The modified simple squamous epithelial cells found in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

A

D

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14
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the renal corpuscle.

T/F

A

F

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15
Q

After running a urinalysis on your patient, you discover albuminuria and hematuria. Which of the following could possibly be your patient’s problem?

A) Kidney disease
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Contamination by menstrual blood
D) Biliary obstruction

A

A

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16
Q

If your patient’s BUN is high, you might recommend that he increase the protein in his diet to increase urea formation.

T/F

A

F

17
Q

All of the following hormones will increase systemic blood pressure except:

A) Angiotensin II

B) Aldosterone

C) Atrial natriuretic peptide

D) Antidiuretic hormone

A

C

18
Q

The source of water that is derived from aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis reactions is water.

T/F

A

F

19
Q

In the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system, the HCO3- acts as a weak base, and H+ acts as a weak acid.

T/F

A

T

20
Q

The phosphate buffer system is an important regulator of pH in the cytosol.

T/F

A

T

21
Q

The two compartments in which water can be found are plasma and cytosol.

T/f

A

F

22
Q

The primary means of regulating body water gain is adjusting:

A) The volume of water intake.

B) The rate of cellular respiration.

C) The formation of metabolic water.

D) The volume of metabolic water.

E) The metabolic use of water.

A

A

23
Q

Which of the following stimulate thirst?

  1. A decreased production of saliva
  2. A decrease in nerve impulses from hypothalamic osmoreceptors
  3. An increase in osmolarity of body fluids
  4. Angiotensin II release
  5. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide
  6. An increase in blood volume

A) 1, 2, 4, and 6

B) 1, 3, 5, and 6

C) 1, 3, and 4

D) 2, 4, and 6

E) 1, 4, 5, and 6

A

C

24
Q

Which of the following is not true concerning the protein buffer system?

A) Albumin is considered the main protein buffer in blood plasma.

B) Albumin is the most abundant buffer in blood plasma and intracellular fluid.

C) The functional components of a protein buffer system are the carboxyl group and the amino group.

D) Protein buffers are the primary buffers of acids in urine.

E) Proteins can buffer both acids and bases.

A

D

25
Q

Which of the following statements are true?

  1. Buffers prevent rapid, drastic changes in pH of a body fluid.
  2. Buffers work slowly.
  3. Strong acids lower pH more than weak acids because strong acids contribute fewer H+.
  4. Most buffers consist of a weak acid and the salt of that acid, which acts as weak base.
  5. Hemoglobin is an important buffer.

A) 1, 2, 3, and 5

B) 1, 3, 4, and 5

C) 1, 3, and 5

D) 1, 4, and 5

E) 2, 3, and 5

A

D

26
Q

Which of the following hormones regulate fluid loss?

  1. Antidiuretic hormone
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Atrial natriuretic peptide
  4. Thyroxine
  5. Cortisol

A) 1, 3, and 5

B) 1, 2, and 3

C) 2, 4, and 5

D) 2, 3, and 4

E) 1, 3, and 4

A

B

27
Q

Which of the following are true concerning ions in the body?
1. They control osmosis of water between fluid compartments.
2 They help maintain acid–base balance.
3. They carry electrical current.
4. They serve as cofactors for enzyme activity.
5. They serve as neurotransmitters under special circumstances

A) 1, 3, and 5

B) 2, 4, and 5

C) 1, 4, and 5

D) 1, 2, and 4

E) 1, 2, 3, and 4

A

E

28
Q

Which of the following statements are true?

  1. An increase in the carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids increases H+ concentration and thus lowers pH.
  2. Breath holding results in a decline in blood pH.
  3. The respiratory buffer mechanism can eliminate a single volatile acid: carbonic acid.
  4. The only way to eliminate nonvolatile acids is to excrete H+ in the urine.
  5. When the diet contains a large amount of protein, normal metabolism produces more acids than bases.

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

B) 1, 3, 4, and 5

C) 1, 2, 3, and 4

D) 1, 2, 4, and 5

E) 1, 3, and 4

A

A

29
Q

Concerning acid-base imbalances, which of the following statements are true?

  1. Acidosis can cause depression of the central nervous system through depression of synaptic transmission.
  2. Renal compensation can resolve respiratory alkalosis or acidosis.
  3. A major physiological effect of alkalosis is lack of excitability in the central nervous system and peripheral nerves.
  4. Resolution of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis occurs through renal compensation.
  5. In adjusting blood pH, renal compensation occurs quickly, but respiratory compensation takes days.

A) 1, 2, and 5

B) 1 and 2

C) 2, 3, and 4

D) 2, 3, and 5

E) 1, 2, 3, and 5

A

B

30
Q

Which of the following are mismatched?

A) Hypoventilation: respiratory alkalosis

B) Severe diarrhea: metabolic acidosis

C) Excessive vomiting: metabolic alkalosis

D) Airway obstruction: respiratory acidosis

E) Inability of kidneys to excrete H+ from dietary protein metabolism: metabolic acidosis

A

A

31
Q

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid, one that plays a key role in establishing the resting membrane potential, is:

A) Chloride

B) Sodium

C) Potassium

D) Hydrogen

A

B

32
Q

Thyroid hormones like thyroxine are the most important regulators of blood calcium levels.

T/F

A

F

33
Q

Your patient is taking furosemide, a diuretic medication, for the treatment of high blood pressure. Which of the following is a possible side effect of the medication?

A) Hypernatremia

B) Edema

C) Water intoxication

D) Hypokalemia

A

D

34
Q

The loss of too much water in vomit can cause dehydration, metabolic alkalosis, and hypernatremia.

T/F

A

T

Final review questions (3 decks)

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