Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Veterinary Physiology > Acid-Base Physiology > Flashcards

Acid-Base Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a normal body pH

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why does pH need to be regulated

A

proteins require an optimal pH to work properly; if outside of range they will not work fast enough to sustain life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

strong acids/bases ionize

A

completely (release more H+/OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

clinical cases are skewed towards (acidosis or alkylosis)

A

acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does alkylosis commonly occur

A

fewer acids (not more bases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the greatest sources of hydrogen ions

A

aerobic (carbonic acid) and anaerobic metabolism of glucose (lactic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does the body defend against pH changes (3)

A

1) buffers
2) respiratory system
3) kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what system can control changes in non-volatile acids

A

renal; by conserving or excreting HCO3- and excreting H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the general equation for buffer systems

A

strong acid + buffer salt -> weak acid + neutral salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the most important extracellular buffer is __________ and the most important intracellular buffer is ______________

A

HCO3-/CO2; Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

an important supplementary intracellular buffer is __________ and extracellular is _______________

A

proteins; phosphates (HPO4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ammonia NH3 on proteins ________ a H+ in the presence of excess _________

A

donates; base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

carboxyl (COO-) on proteins __________ a H+ in the presence of excess __________

A

accepts; acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the HCO3/CO2 buffer is particularly useful because it is an open system, in which kidneys regulate _______ and the lungs regulate ________

A

HCO3; CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does Hg play a role in the HCO3/CO2 buffer

A

it can bind CO2 (and H+) as required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the pKa value

A

where buffering activity is optimal/maximized; pH when 50% of the buffer is dissociated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the importance of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation

A

we can use the equation to calculate pH, CO2 and HCO3-, as long as we have the pKa for the buffer system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how are RBCs (think Hg) a useful addition to the buffering system when in a state of aerobic metabolism

A

RBCs can tie up CO2 by converting Hg to carboxylated Hg, which releases an O from Hg in the process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when do acid-base disturbances form

A

when the body saturates its systems (too much acid or base) or when the system cannot regenerate itself (kidney or resp issues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the first line of defense against acidosis

A

the body uses HCO3 to rapidly absorb the excess H+ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the second line of defense against acidosis

A

H2CO3 generated by the buffering reaction dissociates into CO2 and water, which are then eliminated by respiration

In addition, the change in pH stimulates increased ventilation, which further decreases the pCO2 and increases the pH

22
Q

what is the third line of defense against acidosis

A

kidneys increase absorption of HCO3 over a period of days, AND induce mechanisms to secrete H+

23
Q

what 3 ways do the kidneys regulate ECF homeostasis

A

1) altered reabsorption of HCO3
2) secretion of titratable acids (sulphates and phosphates)
3) secretion of ammonium salts

24
Q

in what part of the kidney is regulation of ECF homeostasis occuring

A

proximal anddistal tubule

25
Q

In the proximal nephron, transport of HCO3 out of the kidney involves Na/K __________, Na/HCO3 _________ and Cl/HCO3 __________

A

primary active transport; symport; antiport

26
Q

where are titratable acids and ammonium salts produced and secreted in the kidney

A

distal tubule and CD

27
Q

In the distal nephron, excretion of H+ out of the kidney involves _________; reabsorption of HCO3 involves _____________

A

H+ATPase and H+/K+ ATPase; Cl/HCO3 antiporter

28
Q

how are ammonium salts created and where

A

in the cortex, NH3 created from glutamine and then excreted; H+ binds to form NH4, which is excreted

29
Q

are acids secreted mainly by titratable acids or ammonium salts

A

ammonium salts (2/3)

30
Q

the cells with the highest concentration of H+ and H+/K+ ATPase in the distal tubule and collecting duct are called; they are rich in

A

intercalated cells; carbonic anhydrase

31
Q

the action of intercalated cells is _____ in acidosis and ______ in alkylosis

A

increased; decreased

32
Q

hypokalemia stimulates ______ and aldosterone stimulates _______

A

H+/K+ ATPase to shift H+ out in exchange for K+; H+ATPase

33
Q

history of vomiting might imply ________ whereas history of diarrhea might imply _________

A

alkylosis (loss of H); acidosis (loss of HCO3)

34
Q

The four questions you ask in order are

A

1) is the pH altered?
2) what is the pCO2?
3) what is the HCO3?
4) what is the base excess?

35
Q

if pCO2 is high and pH is low:

A

respiratory acidosis

36
Q

if pCO2 is low and pH is high

A

respiratory alkylosis

37
Q

if pCO2 is normal and pH is low

A

metabolic acidosis w/o compensation

38
Q

if pCO2 is normal and pH is high

A

metabolic acidosis w/o compensation

39
Q

when blood gas analyzers are used, what is analyzed directly and what is calculated (via the H-H equation and by other instruments)

A

pCO2, pO2 and pH measured directly; HCO3 calculated by H-H; base excess calculated

40
Q

base excess

A

how much strong acid that must be added to a L of blood to yield a pH of 7.4 at 37C and pCO2 of 40mmHg

41
Q

positive base excess indicates; negative base excess indicates

A

alkylosis; acidosis

42
Q

base excess defines the _________ component of an animals acid base status

A

metabolic; accounts for all of the bodies buffering systems (HCO3, phosphate, Hg)

43
Q

pCO2 greater than 50 mmHg suggests; pCO2 less than 40 mmHg suggests

A

respiratory acidosis; respiratory alkylosis

44
Q

What is the most common acid-base imbalance

A

metabolic acidosis

45
Q

the presence of renal compensation suggests

A

the A-B problem has been present for some time

46
Q

low pH, low HCO3 and LOW pCO2 suggest

A

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

47
Q

high pH, high HCO3 and HIGH pCO2 suggest

A

metabolic alkylosis with respiratory compensation

48
Q

low pH, high pCO2 AND high HCO3 suggests

A

respiratory acidosis with renal compensation

49
Q

high pH, low pCO2 AND low HCO3 suggests

A

respiratory alkylosis with renal compensation

50
Q

increased anion gap suggests

A

metabolic acidosis due to an increase in unmeasured anions (ex. ketoacids, lactic acids, poisons)

51
Q

decreased or normal anion gap suggests

A

metabolic acidosis due to decreased HCO3 (gap doesn’t change substantially because HCO3 is balanced by Cl)

Veterinary Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions