Acute and Chronic Inflammation Flashcards
Leukocytic involvement in acute vs chonic inflammation
Acute involves granulocytic lymphocytes, whereas chronic involves non-granulocytic lymphocytes
What are the 4 phases of inflammation
- Stimulation of innate (and/or acquired) immune cells
- Release of inflammatory mediators
- Chemotaxis and invasion of damaged tissue
- Removal of cell debris and secretion of growth factors
Which immunoglobulin stimulates a powerful inflammatory response?
IgE (but IgM and IgG can also stimulate inflammatory pathways)
What are PAMPs and DAMPs?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and damage -associated molecular patterns
Stimulate monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, and complement
What are the 2 unique features of Chronic Inflammation
Presence of nongranular leukocytes, and results in extensive scarring
What are the ways leukocytes are directed stimulated by microbial components
TLR and NLR: Toll-like receptors bind microbial components. NOD-like receptors bind bacterial peptidoglycan fragments. Causes release of cytokines. LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and teichoic acids activate blood clotting cascase and/or complement cascade
What are the signs of acute inflammation and its main characteristics?
Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function, caused by exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema) and emigration of leukocytes (mostly neutrophils)
Atopic
Referring to an allergic disease, relating to a Type I Hypersensitivity and an exaggerated IgE-mediated immune response
What are mononuclear phagocytes
The mononuclear phagocyte system includes monocytes, macrophages/histiocytes, and dendritic cells.
What are the secondary lymph nodes
Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) include lymph nodes (LNs), spleen, Peyer’s patches (PPs) and mucosal tissues- the nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), adenoids, and tonsils
What is angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels, formed in the earlier stage of vasculogenesis. Angiogenesis continues the growth of the vasculature by processes of sprouting and splitting.
What is opsonization
Opsonization is the process of recognizing and targeting invading particles for phagocytosis.
What is complement
Complement was discovered by Jules Bordet as a heat-labile component of normal plasma that causes the opsonisation and killing of bacteria.
What do the three different pathways of complement activation all lead to?
The activation of C3, cleaving it into C3b, a large fragment which acts as an opsonin, and C3a (anaphylatoxin), which promotes inflammation
